Degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, on concrete

Brevett, Carol A.; Sumpter, Kenneth B.; Wagner, George W.; Rice, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.067

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Some liquids may go through a solidification process that will eventually make less liquid phase available to the pores [5][6][7]. In addition, chemical reactions in either the vapor or liquid phases may exist that can contribute to the fate of droplets [8,9]. Spread dynamics is influenced by the porous medium thickness, where two-and three-dimensional flows occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sessile droplet spread into porous substrates—Determination of capillary pressure using a continuum approach

Navaz

Markicevic

Zand

et al. 2008

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sessile droplet spread into porous substrates—Determination of capillary pressure using a continuum approach

Navaz

Markicevic

Zand

et al. 2008

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…' Brevett et al used 13C SSMAS NMR to show that sulfur mustard on wet sand degraded to form TDG, H-2TG, and CH-TG, 2 and that sulfur mustard on ambient concrete would remain as mustard for 12 weeks, but after the passage of 2 weeks, it was non-extractable. 3 The 3C SSMAS NMR techniques were employed to study the rate of and identify the products for sulfur mustard degradation on a different grade of ambient and moist concrete, as a function of the temperature of the sample and the age of the concrete. The degradation of sulfur mustard on the moist and ambient mortar and limestone components of the concrete was also monitored.…”

Section: Mustardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The top three spectra are shown at 4x the magnification of the bottom three spectra. 3,11,15,18, and 40 weeks. The last three spectra were magnified 4-fold compared to the first 3.…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur Mustard Degradation on Ambient and Moist Concrete

Brevett¹,

Sumpter²

2008

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORIMONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTThe reactivity, rate, and products for sulfur mustard were measured on ambient and moist concrete using t 3 C solid-state magicangle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (SSMAS NMR). Three samples of concrete made by the same formulation, but differing in age and alkalinity, were used. A portion of sulfur mustard directly formed 8 to 31% vinyl moieties on the newer, more alkaline concrete sample. The balance of the sulfur mustard degraded to thiodiglycol and 1,4-oxathiane via the intermediate sulfonium ions CH-TG, H-TG, H-2TG, and O(CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 S+CH 2 CH 2 OH on all of the concrete samples. The degradation of sulfur mustard occurred more quickly at elevated temperatures and with added water; half-lives on ambient substrates at 22 'C ranged from 3.5 to 54 weeks on ambient concrete, with no reaction on ambient limestone. On moistened substrates the degradation half-lives at 22 'C ranged from 75 to 350 hr. The Arrhenius activation energies were 47 kJ/mol on ambient concrete and 86 kJ/mol on moist concrete. The toxic sulfonium ions, which were the first product of the degradation, persisted for months to years on concrete at 22 'C and weeks to months on concrete at 35 'C.

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“…Brevett et al [17] demonstrated that sulfur mustard on ambient concrete would remain as mustard for 12 weeks, but after the passage of 2 weeks it was non-extractable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%