Degradation of styrene and ethylbenzene by Pseudomonas species Y2

Utkin, Iliya B.

doi:10.1016/0378-1097(91)90559-s

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Ring-chlorinated acetophenones originate from the microbial degradation of insecticides (6)(7)(8), polychlorobiphenyls (3)(4)(5), and chloroxanthones (83). Nonchlorinated acetophenones have been identified as intermediates in the microbial degradation of ethylbenzene (16,85), 1-phenylethanol (18), 4-ethylphenol (42), and the flame-retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (55,73).…”

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Elucidation of the 4-Hydroxyacetophenone Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB

et al. 2008

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The catabolism of 4-hydroxyacetophenone in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB is known to proceed through the intermediate formation of hydroquinone. Here, we provide evidence that hydroquinone is further degraded through 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and maleylacetate to ␤-ketoadipate. The P. fluorescens ACB genes involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone utilization were cloned and characterized. Sequence analysis of a 15-kb DNA fragment showed the presence of 14 open reading frames containing a gene cluster (hapCDEFGHIBA) of which at least four encoded enzymes are involved in 4-hydroxyacetophenone degradation: 4-hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (hapA), 4-hydroxyphenyl acetate hydrolase (hapB), 4-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (hapE), and maleylacetate reductase (hapF). In between hapF and hapB, three genes encoding a putative intradiol dioxygenase (hapG), a protein of the Yci1 family (hapH), and a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (hapI) were found. Downstream of the hap genes, five open reading frames are situated encoding three putative regulatory proteins (orf10, orf12, and orf13) and two proteins possibly involved in a membrane efflux pump (orf11 and orf14). Upstream of hapE, two genes (hapC and hapD) were present that showed weak similarity with several iron(II)-dependent extradiol dioxygenases. Based on these findings and additional biochemical evidence, it is proposed that the hapC and hapD gene products are involved in the ring cleavage of hydroquinone.

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Elucidation of the 4-Hydroxyacetophenone Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB

et al. 2008

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“…In this respect, the styrene-degradative pathways in a number of different bacterial strains have been studied at both the biochemical and genetic levels (22), including Pseudomonas fluorescens ST (17), Pseudomonas sp. strain Y2 (31,32), Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120 (27), Xanthobacter strain 124X (9), Xanthobacter strain S5 (10), and Pseudomonas putida CA-3 (20,23).…”

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Cloning and Functional Characterization of the styE Gene, Involved in Styrene Transport in Pseudomonas putida CA-3

Mooney

O’Leary

Dobson

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A 1.5-kb region immediately downstream of the styABCD operon involved in styrene degradation in Pseudomonas putida CA-3 has been cloned. Sequence analysis revealed a 1,296-bp open reading frame, designated styE, and BLAST P database comparisons of the deduced StyE amino acid sequence revealed 33 to 98% identity with several membrane-associated ATPase-dependent kinase proteins involved in the active transport of aromatic hydrocarbons across bacterial membranes and also with FadL, an outer membrane protein necessary for the uptake of long-chain fatty acids in Escherichia coli. Transcription of styE is styrene dependent, and the gene is cotranscribed with the styABCD structural genes. StyE appears to be membrane associated, with a corresponding 45.9-kDa band being identified following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of membrane preparations from styrene-grown cells. P. putida CA-3 cells in which the styE gene had been interrupted were no longer capable of growth on styrene. In contrast, overexpression of styE in P. putida CA-3 resulted in a 4.2-fold increase in styrene monooxygenase activity compared with wild-type cells grown on styrene, with a concomitant 8-fold increase in styA mRNA transcript levels. Experiments with the classic, ATPase inhibitor vanadate revealed that growth of wild-type cells on styrene was inhibited at a concentration of 1 mM, while 1.75 mM was required to achieve a similar effect in the StyE overexpression strain. Growth of either strain on citrate was not inhibited in the presence of up to 7 mM vanadate. These findings suggest a role for StyE in the active transport of styrene in Pseudomonas putida CA-3 and identify styrene transport as a potentially limiting factor with respect to mRNA transcript levels and associated enzymatic activity of the styrene degradative pathway.

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“…This toxic compound is released into the environment mainly through factory wastewater, evaporation, and pyrolysis of polystyrene. Different routes for styrene catabolism in different microorganisms have been described (8,9,17,21,29,31). Recently, strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas have been studied more extensively both at the physiological level (21)(22)(23)) and the molecular level (2,17,24,30).…”

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Physiological Analysis of the Expression of the Styrene Degradation Gene Cluster in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST

Santos¹,

Blatny

Bartolo³

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The effects of different carbon sources on expression of the styrene catabolism genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST were analyzed by using a promoter probe vector, pPR9TT, which contains transcription terminators upstream and downstream of the ␤-galactosidase reporter system. Expression of the promoter of the stySR operon, which codes for the styrene two-component regulatory system, was found to be constitutive and not subject to catabolite repression. This was confirmed by the results of an analysis of the stySR transcript in P. fluorescens ST cells grown on different carbon sources. The promoter of the operon of the upper pathway, designated PstyA, was induced by styrene and repressed to different extents by organic acids or carbohydrates. In particular, cells grown on succinate or lactate in the presence of styrene started to exhibit ␤-galactosidase activity during the mid-exponential growth phase, before the preferred carbon sources were depleted, indicating that there is a threshold succinate and lactate concentration which allows induction of styrene catabolic genes. In contrast, cells grown on glucose, acetate, or glutamate and styrene exhibited a diauxic growth curve, and ␤-galactosidase activity was detected only after the end of the exponential growth phase. In each experiment the reliability of the reporter system constructed was verified by comparing the ␤-galactosidase activity and the activity of the styrene monooxygenase encoded by the first gene of the styrene catabolic operon.Styrene is a chemical that is used extensively in the manufacturing of plastics and synthetic rubbers. This toxic compound is released into the environment mainly through factory wastewater, evaporation, and pyrolysis of polystyrene. Different routes for styrene catabolism in different microorganisms have been described (8,9,17,21,29,31). Recently, strains belonging to the genus Pseudomonas have been studied more extensively both at the physiological level (21-23) and the molecular level (2,17,24,30). In these strains the catabolic genes are organized in a cluster whose expression requires the presence of two genes, styS and styR, which are organized in an operon and code for a sensor kinase and a regulatory DNA binding protein, respectively. Two-component regulatory systems for genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation have been described previously only for toluene degradation in Pseudomonas putida F1 and Thauera sp. strain T1 (6, 15) and for degradation of biphenyls in Rhodococcus sp. strain M5 (14).In our laboratory, Pseudomonas fluorescens ST, which is able to grow on styrene as a sole carbon source, has been characterized, and both the regulatory genes (styS and styR) and the upper pathway genes (styA, styB, styC, and styD), which code for conversion of styrene into phenylacetic acid, have been sequenced (2,17,18). At the moment, our interest is focused on characterization of the regulatory system and, in particular, on the effects of different carbon sources on styrene-induced expression of the regulatory an...

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Degradation of styrene and ethylbenzene by Pseudomonas species Y2

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Elucidation of the 4-Hydroxyacetophenone Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB

Elucidation of the 4-Hydroxyacetophenone Catabolic Pathway in Pseudomonas fluorescens ACB

Cloning and Functional Characterization of the styE Gene, Involved in Styrene Transport in Pseudomonas putida CA-3

Physiological Analysis of the Expression of the Styrene Degradation Gene Cluster in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST

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