Degradation of Red Anthraquinone Dyes: Alizarin, Alizarin S and Alizarin Complexone by Ozonation

Abstract

Abstract-This paper describes the degradation of red anthraquinone dyes (alizarin, alizarin S and alizarin complexone) with initial concentration of 100 ppm in aqueous solution by ozone oxidation. The results of UV/VIS and FTIR spectra showed that the anthraquinone structures, nitrogen linkages and amino groups of anthraquinone dyes were broken after the direct ozone reaction. Almost complete color removal was obtained through ozonation within about 70, 18 and 18 min, reaction time for alizarin, alizarin S and alizarin complexone, respectively. The analysis of residuals by FTIR indicated that the alizarin primary degradation products were some organic compounds (e.g., aromatic groups, carbonate esther) and CO 3 2-(due to the dye mineralization). Alizarin S degradation products exhibited IR absorption bands at 1717, 1623, 1387, 1105 and 1045 cm -1 , attributed to >C=O (carbonyl), >C=C< (alkenes), -C-C-C (alkanes), SO 4 2-and -C-O-C-groups respectively. Approximately 90% of alizarin can be removed from water streams with the present methodology; followed by approximately 80% removal of complexone and 70% removal of alizarin S.

Incorporation of Anatase TiO2 to Highly Porous Silica (BMMs) for Photo‐Degradation of Alizarin Red Dye in Aqueous Solution

“…While, high resolution TEM image of 5th recycled ATB3a (Figure S7‐d) showed the highly uniform dispersions of anatase phase, almost same as fresh one (Figure 7b). However, the FT‐IR spectrum of reused ATB3a after five successive cycles (Figure S8‐b) revealed some additional peaks, besides the characteristic peaks of BMMs and TiO 2 , indicating organic matters (by‐product) were deposited on the surface of catalyst, particularly, the broaden and weak bands at around 1388, 1457,1638, 1702 and 3413 cm −1 were associated with −C−C−C (alkanes), CO 3 −2 , >C=C< (alkenes), >C=O (carbonyl) and −OH vibrations [63] . While, the AR spectrum (Figure S8‐a) showed the characteristic bands at 1666, 1634 and 1588 cm −1 of anthraquinone structures, others at 1155 and 728 cm −1 represented sulfonate groups [69] …”

“…According to Ortiz et al. report, [63] dihydroxy benzene might be oxidized to hydroquinone, leading to the formation of maleic acid via opening‐ring reaction, which further degrade into CO 2 and H 2 O through series of aliphatic acid such as malonic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid.…”

“…[61] In which, decarboxylation of phthalic acid and desulfonation of hydroxyl benzene sulfonic acid might possibly result the formation of benzoic acid and phenol, which further transform into benzene and thereafter react with * OH radicles, finally undergoing the complete degradation. [62] According to Ortiz et al report, [63] dihydroxy benzene might be oxidized to hydroquinone, leading to the formation of maleic acid via opening-ring reaction, which further degrade into CO 2 and H 2 O through series of aliphatic acid such as malonic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid.…”

Charge transfer complexes of atenololdrug with some dihydrxyanthraquinone and dihydroxybenzoquinone derivatives:Molecular structures, spectral, and quantitative studies.

“…Another important observation in the spectrum of [ATN-AZ] was the appearance of the (C=O) bands, which were ascribed to the anthraquinone moiety as a small shoulder at 1661 cm 1 and medium band at 1634 cm 1 . In contrast, two strong bands at 1669 and 1634 cm 1 were detected for (C=O) in the spectrum of AZ alone [70]. These outcomes suggested the involvement of one carbonyl group of AZ in an Hbond with the OH group in ATN.…”

Cyclic Sequential Removal of Alizarin Red S Dye and Cr(VI) Ions Using Wool as a Low-Cost Adsorbent

“…FTIR spectra An earlier publication by our group reported on Electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and FTIR characterization of wool and wool loaded with Cr(VI) [31]. IR spectra of ARS were subsequently reported [33]. In this work, FTIR was used to monitor removal of ARS by wool, In Figure 7a, the peak at 3459 cm −1 is due to the -OH group, whereas peaks at 3094 cm −1 and 2926 cm −1 arise from =C-H groups in aromatic rings.…”