Degradation of Polymer & Elastomer Exposed to Chlorinated Water—A Review

Abstract

In water industry, the chlorine is mostly used as a disinfectant agent. The chlorine present in potable water as a disinfectant has been reported to reduce the lifetime of contact polymeric material. This occurs in polymer pipes and it is now very common in plumbing and other parts of the drinking water distribution system. For more than 50 years, Polymer & Elastomeric materials have been used ubiquitously in drinking water distribution systems. Polymer & Elastomeric materials have successfully been used in a variety of applications ranging from rubber gaskets, to valves, to hydrants, to fittings. Polymer & Elastomers that degrade more quickly than expected create service problems, make it difficult for utilities to cost efficient plan preventive maintenance programs, and negatively affect customer relations. This review paper gives an insight idea to a reader about the selection of proper polymer & elastomer and predicting its performance in chlorinated water. Also the mechanism of degradation of Polymer & elastomer in chlorine environment and some model of life expectancy of in-service of Polymer & elastomer in various conditions and parameter in chlorinated water were discussed.

Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Chemical Electrolyte Recycling for Vanadium Flow Batteries: A Comprehensive Study

“…[32,33] Leaching occurs through the natural migration of additives within the macromolecular structure of the plastic, as well as chemical reactions such as hydrolysis and chlorine-initiated radical reactions. [34,35] The most well-known phenomenon is the presence of microplastic particles in water, where contamination is difficult to quantify and no clearly defined limits exist. [34,36] Furthermore, an increasing number of additives in the electrolyte is expected in the long term, as organic substances can be used as additives to increase the concentration value of vanadium in the electrolyte or to stabilize the electrolyte for higher or lower temperatures through complex structures.…”

The degradation of poly(1-butene) extrudates subjected to artificial and natural aging

“…Hydroperoxide groups are essential for inducing thermal oxidation and photo-oxidation of polymers, but they are also important intermediates in overall oxidation reactions. Critical physicochemical conditions determined by the environment, include relative humidity [26,27], pH value [28,29], temperature [30,31], amount of UV and visible irradiation [32,33], or availability of oxygen [34,35]; therefore, different results in this work would be expected.…”

Sustainable self‐curing epoxy adhesives from Chios natural Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus L.)

“…Nowadays, significant research is being done on the synthesis of epoxy resins and mainly on the epoxidation of vegetable oils 8–12 . The most commonly used vegetable oil for this purpose is soybean oil 11–14 . Alternative vegetable oils like cottonseed oil and Karanja oil have also been utilized 15,16 .…”