Degradation of lithium-ion batteries and how to fight it: A review

Abstract

The phenomenology of the decrease in the capacity and energy density of lithium-ion batteries during their cycling and storage is considered together with the basic factors responsible for this phenomenon (overcharge and self-discharge of batteries, dissolution and phase alterations of electrode materials, cathodic reduction and anodic oxidation of electrolyte components, corrosion of materials of current leads) and the mechanism of chemical and electrochemical electrode processes responsible for degradation of batteries. Possible ways and basic techniques of increasing stability of exploitation characteristics of batteries are considered.

A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Fault Diagnostic Algorithms: Current Progress and Future Challenges

“…It can also cause surface layer formation and contact deterioration, which results in electrode disintegration, material disintegration, and loss of lithium. These phenomena can lead to transport barriers, which result in penetration of the separator and cause an internal short circuit and, ultimately, a thermal runaway [30].…”

Current Generation in Double-Matrix Structure: A Theoretical Simulation

“…Particularly evident changes at the consideration of the same problem take place at the higher values of the potential с U , namely at с U = 0.7 (see Figure 4e). Specific changes occur also with the 2 d width increasing of the barrier с U . At the same time the comparing of the results with the results of the problem ʺparticle in an infinitely wellʺ is less obvious (see Figure 4f).…”

“…Changing the dimensions 2 d and values of the potential c U it is possible to simulate the amount x of introduced guest. In the wells with finite thickness and height of barriers an electron is not fully localized in the wells, and there is a finite probability of its penetration outside of the wells.…”

“…The increasing of the barrier thickness 2 d simultaneously is accompanied by the narrowing of wells on both sides с U , reducing overlap of the wave functions between them. Therefore, these wells can be regarded as independent.…”

“…Today transition to nanoscale objects as energy or charge storages allows to solve this problem. Really, application of the nanodispersed FeS2 in an energy storage device with a lithium anode increases the specific capacity almost by 20% in comparison with a coarsegrained homologue [1], and the nanosized -Fe2O3 possesses the high recirculated capacity 200 mA hour/g and good cycling in a range 1,5-4,0 V regarding Li + /Li in comparison with the macrostructured α -Fe2O3, γ -Fe2O3 and α -Fe3O4 [2]. The concept of ʺelectrochemical graftingʺ [3,4] explains the effect by the features density of nanoobjects.…”