Degradation of hydroxychloroquine by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

Bensalah, Nasr; Midassi, Sondos; Boutarfaïa, Ahmed

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126279

Cited by 89 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This effect was related to the nitrogen deprotonation reaction of the aminoquinoline group. Bensalah et al [40] points out that this functional group has a pKa value < 4.0, which indicates that in the pH value used in Deroco et al work, the proton in a (Figure 2b) is more easily removed during the electrochemical process.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performance Of Cnns/ementioning

confidence: 93%

A Novel Carbon Nitride Nanosheets‐based Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Hydroxychloroquine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Synthetic Urine Samples

Silva

Sant’Anna

Gevaerd³

et al. 2021

Electroanalysis

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This study introduces modified carbon paste electrodes with carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) and outlines their application for the determination of hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) in tablets and synthetic urine samples. CNNS were synthesized by hydrothermal route (200°C, 10 h) using melamine and citric acid as their precursors. The carbon nitride nanosheets-based electrode (CNNS/E) presented a linear dynamic range for HCQ (LDR), ranging from 10.0 nmol l À 1 to 6.92 μmol l À 1 , and detection (LOD) and quantification limits (LOQ) of 0.16 nmol l À 1 and 0.52 nmol l À 1 , respectively. LOD and LOQ were calculated by the equations: LOD = 3(S d /b), and LOQ = 10(S d /b). The modified sensor presented excellent relative standard deviations for parameters such as repeatability (2.39 % and 1.87 %) and reproducibility (3.22 % and 2.32 %) in HCQ oxidation peaks (1 and 2). The CNNS/E has not shown significant variations in its anodic signal intensity in the presence of some organic and inorganic substances. It is worth bearing in mind that CNNS/E can be easily manufactured and the sensor has the lowest HCQ detection limits reported so far. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for HCQ determination in tablets and synthetic urine, showing good recovery values and an error of 0.60 % about comparative method in tablet samples, assuring the quality of the method.

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Section: Electrochemical Performance Of Cnns/ementioning

confidence: 93%

A Novel Carbon Nitride Nanosheets‐based Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Hydroxychloroquine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Synthetic Urine Samples

Silva

Sant’Anna

Gevaerd³

et al. 2021

Electroanalysis

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“…The presence of a wide variety of pollutants with a wide range of compositions in relevant aquatic environments has been reported, including in rivers and lagoons [ 7 ]. Recent researches have demonstrated that HCQ is present in wastewater discharge [ 8 , 9 ]. Additionally, considering its chemical and biological properties, there is a high potential for HCQ persistence and bioaccumulation in vegetation and groundwater, and consequently, it could be associated with soil pollution [ 6 , 8 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Composite Sensor for Monitoring Hydroxychloroquine in Different Water Matrix

et al. 2021

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Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a derivative of 4-aminoquinolone, is prescribed as an antimalarial prevention drug and to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, Coronavirus (COVID-19) treatment was authorized by national and international medical organizations by chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in certain hospitalized patients. However, it is considered as an unproven hypothesis for treating COVID-19 which even itself must be investigated. Consequently, the high risk of natural water contamination due to the large production and utilization of HCQ is a key issue to overcome urgently. In fact, in Brazil, the COVID-19 kit (hydroxychloroquine and/or ivermectin) has been indicated as pre-treatment, and consequently, several people have used these drugs, for longer periods, converting them in emerging water pollutants when these are excreted and released to aquatic environments. For this reason, the development of tools for monitoring HCQ concentration in water and the treatment of polluted effluents is needed to minimize its hazardous effects. Then, in this study, an electrochemical measuring device for its environmental application on HCQ control was developed. A raw cork–graphite electrochemical sensor was prepared and a simple differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method was used for the quantitative determination of HCQ. Results indicated that the electrochemical device exhibited a clear current response, allowing one to quantify the analyte in the 5–65 µM range. The effectiveness of the electrochemical sensor was tested in different water matrices (in synthetic and real) and lower HCQ concentrations were detected. When comparing electrochemical determinations and spectrophotometric measurements, no significant differences were observed (mean accuracy 3.0%), highlighting the potential use of this sensor in different environmental applications.

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“…Recently, national and international medical organizations over the world allowed the treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in certain hospitalized patients with chloroquine and HCQ. This certainly results in the discharge of large quantities of wastewaters contaminated with HCQ into the environment ( Bensalah et al, 2020 ). The behavior and fate of pharmaceutical HCQ in the aquatic environment are significantly unexplored ( Kumar et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spirulina platensis Alleviated the Hemotoxicity, Oxidative Damage and Histopathological Alterations of Hydroxychloroquine in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2021

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The current study aims at evaluating the toxicity of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a pharmaceutical residue in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and the protective role of Spirulina platensis (SP). Four groups were used in this study: (1) a control group, (2) a group exposed to 3.16 mg/l of HCQ, (3) a group exposed to 3.16 mg/l of HCQ + 10 mg/l of SP, and (4) a group exposed to 3.16 mg/l of HCQ + 20 mg/l of SP for 15 days of exposure. The HCQ-treated group showed a significant decline in the hematological indices and glucose, total protein, and antioxidant levels in relation to the control group, whereas the HCQ-treated group showed a significant increase in the levels of creatinine, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the percentage of poikilocytosis and nuclear abnormalities of RBCs in relation to the control group. The histopathological evaluation of the liver indicated dilation of the central vein, vacuolization, degeneration of hepatocytes and pyknotic nuclei, as well as reduction of glomeruli, dilation of Bowman’s space, and degeneration of renal tubules in the kidney of the HCQ-treated group. Spirulina platensis (SP) rendered the hematological and biochemical indexes as well as antioxidant levels and the histological architecture to normal status in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, the current study recommends the use of SP to remedy the toxic effects of HCQ.

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Degradation of hydroxychloroquine by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

Cited by 89 publications

References 70 publications

A Novel Carbon Nitride Nanosheets‐based Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Hydroxychloroquine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Synthetic Urine Samples

A Novel Carbon Nitride Nanosheets‐based Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Hydroxychloroquine in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Synthetic Urine Samples

Green Composite Sensor for Monitoring Hydroxychloroquine in Different Water Matrix

Spirulina platensis Alleviated the Hemotoxicity, Oxidative Damage and Histopathological Alterations of Hydroxychloroquine in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

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