Degradation aspects of water formation and transport in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: A review

Abstract

This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link AbstractThis review paper summarises the key aspects of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) degradation that are associated with water formation, retention, accumulation, and transport mechanisms within the cell. Issues related to loss of active surface area of the catalyst, ionomer dissolution, membrane swelling, ice formation, corrosion, and contamination are also addressed and discussed. The impact of each of these water mechanisms on cell performance and durability was found to be different and to vary according to the design of the cell and its operating conditions. For example, the presence of liquid water within Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), as a result of water accumulation, can be detrimental if the operating temperature of the cell drops to sub-freezing.The volume expansion of liquid water due to ice formation can damage the morphology of different parts of the cell and may shorten its life-time. This can be more serious, for example, during the water transport mechanism where migration of Pt particles from the catalyst may take place after detachment from the carbon support. Furthermore, the effect of transport mechanism could be augmented if humid reactant gases containing impurities poison the membrane, leading to the same outcome as water retention or accumulation.Overall, the impact of water mechanisms can be classified as aging or catastrophic. Aging has a longterm impact over the duration of the PEMFC life-time whereas in the catastrophic mechanism the impact is immediate. The conversion of cell residual water into ice at sub-freezing temperatures by the water retention/ accumulation mechanism and the access of poisoning contaminants through the water transport mechanism are considered to fall into the catastrophic category. The effect of water mechanisms on PEMFC degradation can be reduced or even eliminated by (a) using advanced materials for improving the electrical, chemical and mechanical stability of the cell components against deterioration, and (b) implementing effective strategies for water management in the cell.

Flow Field Patterns for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

“…Liquid water clogging the pores, will contribute to diffusional losses. Mass transport limitations can seriously affect the PEMFC performance (Li et al, 2008;Yousfi-Steiner et al, 2008;Barbir, 2013;Ous and Arcoumanis, 2013). The main role of the FFP is to prevent this type of loss, while keeping the electric and thermal conductivity high.…”

Corrosion behavior of a ZrCN coated Ti alloy with potential application as a bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

“…Based on the XPS results, carbon and nitrogen atoms incorporated into the ZrO 2 lattice may act as dopants, which may help improve surface conductivity and reduce the ICR value. The presence of water in a PEMFC stack originates either from an oxygen reduction reaction at the catalyst cathode or is fed externally into the cell through humidification or the presence of cooling gases [53]. Moreover, excess water can not only block the reaction sites of neighboring electrodes, preventing the access of reactant gases to the cell, but also can accelerate the corrosion rate of the metallic bipolar plates [54].…”

Fault Tolerant Control Strategy applied to PEMFC water management

“…The effects of the degradation due to water formation and transport are reviewed in Ref. [23]. A well humidified membrane is permeable to protons and has a good conductivity.…”