Degradation and Product Analysis of Caffeine and Related Dimethylxanthines by Filamentous Fungi

Hakil, M.; Denis, Sylvain; Viniegra‐González, Gustavo; Augur, Christopher

doi:10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00205-6

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, details of theophylline metabolism in these Pseudomonas isolates were not elucidated. In contrast, caffeine catabolism in plant species and in caffeine-degrading fungi has been reported to proceed via theophylline, which is further degraded by N demethylation to 3-methylxanthine (7,10,16). CBB5 metabolized theophylline by a previously unknown N-demethylation pathway, forming 1-methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Distinct Pathways for Metabolism of Theophylline and Caffeine Are Coexpressed in Pseudomonas putida CBB5

Louie

Summers

et al. 2009

J Bacteriol

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Pseudomonas putida CBB5 was isolated from soil by enrichment on caffeine. This strain used not only caffeine, theobromine, paraxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine as sole carbon and nitrogen sources but also theophylline and 3-methylxanthine. Analyses of metabolites in spent media and resting cell suspensions confirmed that CBB5 initially N demethylated theophylline via a hitherto unreported pathway to 1-and 3-methylxanthines. NAD(P)H-dependent conversion of theophylline to 1-and 3-methylxanthines was also detected in the crude cell extracts of theophylline-grown CBB5. 1-Methylxanthine and 3-methylxanthine were subsequently N demethylated to xanthine. CBB5 also oxidized theophylline and 1-and 3-methylxanthines to 1,3-dimethyluric acid and 1-and 3-methyluric acids, respectively. However, these methyluric acids were not metabolized further. A broad-substrate-range xanthine-oxidizing enzyme was responsible for the formation of these methyluric acids. In contrast, CBB5 metabolized caffeine to theobromine (major metabolite) and paraxanthine (minor metabolite). These dimethylxanthines were further N demethylated to xanthine via 7-methylxanthine. Theobromine-, paraxanthine-, and 7-methylxanthine-grown cells also metabolized all of the methylxanthines mentioned above via the same pathway. Thus, the theophylline and caffeine N-demethylation pathways converged at xanthine via different methylxanthine intermediates. Xanthine was eventually oxidized to uric acid. Enzymes involved in theophylline and caffeine degradation were coexpressed when CBB5 was grown on theophylline or on caffeine or its metabolites. However, 3-methylxanthine-grown CBB5 cells did not metabolize caffeine, whereas theophylline was metabolized at much reduced levels to only methyluric acids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of theophylline N demethylation and coexpression of distinct pathways for caffeine and theophylline degradation in bacteria.Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and related methylxanthines are widely distributed in many plant species. Caffeine is also a major human dietary ingredient that can be found in common beverages and food products, such as coffee, tea, and chocolates. In pharmaceuticals, caffeine is used generally as a cardiac, neurological, and respiratory stimulant, as well as a diuretic (3). Hence, caffeine and related methylxanthines enter soil and water easily through decomposed plant materials and other means, such as effluents from coffee-and tea-processing facilities. Therefore, it is not surprising that microorganisms capable of degrading caffeine have been isolated from various natural environments, with or without enrichment procedures (3, 10). Bacteria use oxidative and N-demethylating pathways for catabolism of caffeine. Oxidation of caffeine by a Rhodococcus sp.-Klebsiella sp. mixed-culture consortium at the C-8 position to form 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (TMU) has been reported (8). An 85-kDa, flavin-containing caffeine oxidase was purified from this consortium (9). Also, Mohapatra et al. (12) purified a 65-kDa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Distinct Pathways for Metabolism of Theophylline and Caffeine Are Coexpressed in Pseudomonas putida CBB5

Louie

Summers

et al. 2009

J Bacteriol

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“…It will also improve its value to be used as substrate for bioprocesses (Fan et al 2000a,b). Attempts have been made to degrade caffeine present in coffee pulp (which is generated by wet-processing of coffee cherries) and use it for the production of enzymes etc (Roussos et al, 1995;Hakil et al, 1998;Hakil et al 2000).…”

Section: Ssc Using Coffee Huskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Flammulina velutipes on coffee husk and coffee spent-ground

Fan

Pandey

Soccol

2001

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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“…If the toxic constituents could be removed, or at least degraded to a reasonably low level, it would open new avenues for their utilisation. There are some reports describing degradation of caffeine in different media such as synthetic medium, roast coffee infusion and coffee pulp (SCHWIMMER and KURTZMAN 1972, PORRES et al 1993, ROUSSOS et al 1994, HAKIL et al 1998, HAKIL and AUGUR 2000.…”

Section: Change Of the Contents Of Caffeine And Tannins During Sscmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid state cultivation — an efficient method to use toxic agro-industrial residues

Fan

Pandey

Soccol

2000

J. Basic Microbiol.

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Degradation and Product Analysis of Caffeine and Related Dimethylxanthines by Filamentous Fungi

Cited by 72 publications

References 11 publications

Two Distinct Pathways for Metabolism of Theophylline and Caffeine Are Coexpressed in Pseudomonas putida CBB5

Two Distinct Pathways for Metabolism of Theophylline and Caffeine Are Coexpressed in Pseudomonas putida CBB5

Production of Flammulina velutipes on coffee husk and coffee spent-ground

Solid state cultivation — an efficient method to use toxic agro-industrial residues

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