Degradation and adsorption of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in agricultural soils

Application of green zero-valent iron nanoparticles to the remediation of soils contaminated with ibuprofen

“…Complete extraction was assured by (i) the addition of 30 mL of water to 50 g of contaminated soil (2.8 mg kg − 1 ), followed by (ii) stirring for 30 min. This proves that, as expected, no ibuprofen remained adsorbed on the sandy soil's surface (Xu et al, 2009). To avoid injection of suspended particles into the LC system, the final so-lution was centrifuged for 5 min at 4500 rpm prior to injection.…”

A study on temporal trends and estimates of fate of Bisphenol A in agricultural soils after sewage sludge amendment

“…In laboratory based degradation experiments, spiked BPA in soils was shown to degrade relatively rapidly under aerobic conditions with little or no degradation occurring under anaerobic conditions [Ying and Kookana, 2005;Xu et al, 2009;Kim and Cunningham, 2014]. Langdon et al [2011] introduced the BPA to soil in laboratory based experiments using biosolids containing 'inidenous' BPA and monitored BPA concentrations over 32 weeks after the addition of the biosolids to soils.…”

Determination of emerging contaminants in environmental matrices

“…This fact could be explained by their low consumption and also because some of them have a low soil adsorption (Lin and Gan, 2011;Xu et al, 2009a;Xu et al, 2009b). The rest of pharmaceuticals studied were found at concentration levels up to 47 ng g -1 .…”

“…In soil samples from a Spanish marsh area, (Vazquez-Roig et al, 2011) found some of the compounds studied in our work but with a low detection frequency and concentration of fenofibrate and ibuprofen. In soil samples from USA (Xu et al, 2009b), clofibric acid, ibuprofen and naproxen were detected at slightly higher levels. Salicylic acid was reported at higher concentrations in samples from China (Chen et al, 2011) and in UK similar levels of carbamazepine where detected in soil (Walker et al, 2012).…”

“…The presence of pharmaceuticals in soil may be explained by the spreading of sludge or manure to fertilize agricultural soils together with the use of contaminated water for irrigation. Residues of pharmaceutical compounds, usually found at low levels, may cause negative effects due to their continuous introduction into the environment (Xu et al, 2009b).…”