Degradable preformed particle gel as temporary plugging agent for low-temperature unconventional petroleum reservoirs: Effect of molecular weight of the cross-linking agent

Zhang, Hongjun; Zhu, Daoyi; Gong, Yonglong; Qin, Junhui; Liu, Xiaoning; Pi, Yuanhang; Zhao, Qi; Luo, Run-Tian; Wang, Wansheng; Zhi, Keke; Mu, Zhongcheng

doi:10.1016/j.petsci.2022.07.013

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For in situ monomer-initiated polymerization gels, the crosslinking density and the entire gel strength can be impacted by the crosslinker's molecular weight, 37 and the type of crosslinker also can affect the crosslinking structure. It, in turn, affects the crosslinking strength and gelation performance.…”

Section: Formulation and Structural Comparison Of Dppgs Synthesized W...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, its composition has not been disclosed. Zhang et al 37 studied how the molecular weight of the crosslinker PEGDA affects the performance of DPPGs as TPA in terms of static swelling, degradation, and dynamic temporary plugging. They discovered that the aqueous swelling ratio of DPPGs increased with decreasing PEDGA molecular weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Crosslinker Types on Temporary Plugging Performance of Degradable Preformed Particle Gels for Unconventional Petroleum Reservoir Development

Zhu

Gong

Wang³

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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Temporary plugging agents (TPAs) have been widely used in unconventional petroleum reservoirs to increase the stimulated reservoir volume and generate an easier flow of oil and gas into the production well. The properties of particle-gel-based TPAs include a straightforward injection procedure, excellent deformation, strong plugging strength, and total self-degradation. This study prepared degradable preformed particle gel (DPPG) samples polymerized by two types of crosslinkers (i.e., alcohol ester and alkenoic acid ester) for low-temperature (less than 40 °C) reservoirs. The effects of different crosslinkers in the DPPG compositions on the temporary plugging performance were investigated. Infrared spectrum analysis, differential calorimetry scanning evaluation, static particle gel swelling and degradation performance assessment experiments, and dynamic temporary plugging performance tests were all employed. The results showed that the swelling ratio of DPPGs prepared by the crosslinker containing alcohol ester was larger than that of alkenoate acid ester, but the degradation rate was slower. Among them, when the amount of crosslinker was 0.01 g, the swelling ratio of DPPG prepared using the alcohol ester crosslinker was as high as 40 times, and the complete degradation time could be regulated between 80 and 360 h. When the type of crosslinker was the same, the influence of its molecular weight also significantly affected the performance of the particle gel. The plugging strength of DPPG prepared by different crosslinkers in cores was as high as 20 MPa. The DPPG prepared from the alcohol ester crosslinker caused less damage to the core after being self-degraded and was used as an ideal crosslinker. Infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis at the molecular level verified that different types of crosslinkers had apparent effects on the chemical structure stability of the DPPG. In this paper, the influence of the type of crosslinker on the performance of the DPPG was studied, which provides a new idea and theoretical basis for developing a particle gel-based TPA system with programmed self-degradation time at low temperatures.

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Section: Formulation and Structural Comparison Of Dppgs Synthesized W...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Crosslinker Types on Temporary Plugging Performance of Degradable Preformed Particle Gels for Unconventional Petroleum Reservoir Development

Zhu

Gong

Wang³

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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“…Thus, it reduces excess water production, improving the oil sweep effectiveness and eventually leading to successful conformance control. − These materials have been known in the oil industry as preformed particle gels (PPGs). Most SAPs proposed are synthetic copolymers or terpolymers of acrylamide (AM) with other monomers like acrylic acid (AA), , 2-AM-2-methylpropane sulfonic sodium salt, N , N -dimethyl AM, and N -vinyl-pyrrolidone along with an organic cross-linker, such as N , N ′-methylenebis(AM) (MBA), polyethylenimine, or inorganic cross-linkers such as aluminum nitrate, chromium acetate, or zirconium lactate . Current commercial PPGs come in various sizes, including submicron gel, microgels, and millimeter-sized particle gel under names like LiquiBlock 40K and Daqing (DQ) with the chemical composition of cross-linked poly(AM- co -AA). − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Agar-Based Preformed Particle Gel for Water Control in High-Salinity Reservoirs

Ben Ali,

Elaf,

Almakimi

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Oil extraction faces challenges in cost and complexity due to excessive water production, leading to diminished hydrocarbon recovery. Preformed particle gels (PPGs) hold promise for enhancing oil recovery and sealing high-permeability or fractured zones. However, current PPGs encounter limitations in high-temperature reservoirs, including salt sensitivity and potential hazards. To address these issues, we propose eco-friendly PPGs utilizing agar polysaccharides. Agar backbones grafted with acrylamide (AM) and AM/N,N′-methylenebis(AM) (MBA) via microwave-assisted techniques resulted in polyacrylamide grafted agar (Ag/PAM) and cross-linked polyacrylamide grafted agar (Ag/ PAMBA). Various sizes (75 μm to 1.18 mm) were prepared to accommodate diverse reservoir porosities and ensure effective plugging of fractures. Characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, swelling measurement, particle size analysis, and rheology were employed. Results demonstrate that Ag/PAM-based PPGs exhibited high absorbency in high saline water (TDS = 67.3 g/L), with swelling ratios ranging from 8.4 to 19.2 g/g. Salt sensitivity factors (f) confirm that salinity increases the swelling ratio for all of the prepared PPGs. Swollen particle sizes were well-controlled within the ranges of 136 μm and 2.9 mm. Factors affecting absorbency and strength, including pH, temperature, and aging were investigated and discussed by considering the structures of both materials. Ag/PAMBA displayed excellent resistance to temperatures up to 130 °C, with a storage modulus between 10 and 32 kPa, surpassing commercial PPGs. Core flooding experiments revealed the good plugging efficiency of open fractures in sandstone cores using an agar-based material. Core flooding results showed that Agar-based-PPG has good plugging efficiency in the open fracture model with a water breakthrough pressure of approximately 108.9 kPa (778 kPa/m). The outstanding performance of the prepared PPGs positions them as promising options for both low-and high-temperature reservoirs in oil recovery applications.

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“…A large number of performance evaluation experiments of TPAs have been carried out indoors, but due to technical reasons, there are still some problems such a unclear mechanism of TPAs, imperfect evaluation methods of temporary plugging effects unclear TPA pressure-bearing laws and aggregation morphology [7][8][9]. The plugging ability of TPAs is affected by many factors such as TPA formulation (concentration, particle size, ratio and shape), fracture morphology and fracture opening [10][11][12][13]. Because the fracture model often cannot directly reflect the influence of the real fracture on the plugging effect, it is impossible to accurately adjust the fracture opening to explore the plugging ability of TPAs [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Self-Degradation and Plugging Performance of Temperature-Controlled Degradable Polymer Temporary Plugging Agent

Xu,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Temporary plugging diversion fracturing (TPDF) technology has been widely used in various oil fields for repeated reconstruction of high-water-cut old oil wells and horizontal well reservoir reconstruction. Previous studies have carried out in-depth study on the pressure-bearing law and placement morphology of different types of temporary plugging agents (TPAs) in fractures, but there are relatively few studies on TPA accumulation body permeability. To solve this problem, an experimental device for evaluating the TPA performance with adjustable fracture pores is proposed in this paper. Based on the test of fracturing fluid breaking time and residue content, the low damage of fracturing fluid to the reservoir is determined. The TPA degradation performance test determines whether the TPA causes damage to the hydraulic fracture after the temporary plugging fracturing. Finally, by testing the TPA pressure-bearing capacity and the temporary plugging aggregation body permeability, the plugging performance and the aggregation body permeability are determined. The results show the following: (1) Guar gum fracturing fluid shows good gel-breaking performance under the action of breaking agent, and the recommended concentration of breaking agent is 300 ppm. At 90~120 °C, the degradation rate of the three types of TPAs can reach more than 65%, and it can be effectively carried into the wellbore during the fracturing fluid flowback stage to achieve the effect of removing the TPA in the fracture. (2) The results of the pressure-bearing performance of the TPA show that the two kinds of TPAs can quickly achieve the plugging effect after plugging start: the effect of ZD-2 (poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)) particle-and-powder combined TPA on forming an effective temporary plugging accumulation body in fractures is better than that of ZD-1 (PLGA) pure powder. There are large pores between the particles, and the fracturing fluid can still flow through the pores, so the ZD-3 (a mixture of lactide and PLGA) granular temporary plugging agent cannot form an effective plugging. (3) The law of length of the temporary plugging accumulation body shows that the ZD-2 combined TPA has stronger plugging ability for medium-aperture simulated fracture pores, while the ZD-1 powder TPA has stronger plugging ability for small aperture simulated fracture pores, and the ZD-3 granular TPA should be avoided alone as far as possible. This study further enriches and improves the understanding of the mechanism of temporary plugging diverting fracturing fluid.

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Degradable preformed particle gel as temporary plugging agent for low-temperature unconventional petroleum reservoirs: Effect of molecular weight of the cross-linking agent

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of Crosslinker Types on Temporary Plugging Performance of Degradable Preformed Particle Gels for Unconventional Petroleum Reservoir Development

Effect of Crosslinker Types on Temporary Plugging Performance of Degradable Preformed Particle Gels for Unconventional Petroleum Reservoir Development

Development of Agar-Based Preformed Particle Gel for Water Control in High-Salinity Reservoirs

Evaluation of Self-Degradation and Plugging Performance of Temperature-Controlled Degradable Polymer Temporary Plugging Agent

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