Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in Dogs

Meij, Björn P.; Bergknut, Niklas

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.05.006

Cited by 126 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Neurological dysfunction is related to compression of the cauda equina nerve roots secondary to pathophysiologic processes such as intervertebral disk protrusion, articular facet joint misalignment, and chronic lumbosacral instability (Lenehan and Tarvin 1998;De Risio et al 2001;Benninger et al 2006). In cases lacking proprioceptive deficits or incontinence, conservative therapy involving antiinflammatory drugs, weight reduction, and controlled exercise may be effective in controlling clinical signs (Janssens et al 2009;Worth et al 2009;Björn and Bergknut 2010). More severe cases of DLSS usually require surgical intervention to decompress the cauda equina, most commonly via dorsal laminectomy with dorsal annulectomy and nucleus pulposus removal (Chambers 1989;Ness 1994;Janssens et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

Dent

Fosgate

Hettlich

2015

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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AIMS: To determine efficacy of a minimally invasive (MI) surgical approach using a human MI lumbar retractor for canine lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy and to compare this technique to the standard open surgical (OS) approach.METHODS: Lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy was performed on 16 largebreed canine cadavers using either a standard OS (n=8) or MI (n=8) approach. Skin and fascial incision length, procedure time, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperatively specimens were evaluated for laminectomy and discectomy dimensions, and visible damage to the cauda equina and exiting nerve roots.RESULTS: Median length of skin and fascial incisions in the OS group were longer than in the MI group (p<0.001). Median laminectomy length was similar between both approaches (p=0.234) but width was greater for the MI than OS approach (p=0.002). Both approaches achieved similar partial discectomy width (p=0.279). Overall surgical time was longer for MI approaches compared to OS, with a median of 18.5 (min 15.5, max 21.8) minutes for MI compared to 14.6 (min 13.1, max 16.9) minutes for OS (p=0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The MI approach reduced incision lengths while retaining comparable laminectomy and discectomy dimensions. For this in vitro model the MI approach required more time to complete, but this difference may not be relevant in clinical cases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

Dent

Fosgate

Hettlich

2015

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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“…However IVD degeneration is also highly associated with diseases like cervical and thoracolumbar IVD herniation, DLSS and CSM (Hansen, 1952, Meij and Bergknut, 2010, Burbidge, 1994, Bergknut et al, 2012a, da Costa et al, 2006. All these diseases involve IVD compression of neural tissue, which may lead to clinical signs of disease like gait abnormalities, postural deficits, pain, paresis, paralysis and lameness (Kranenburg et al, 2013, Brisson, 2010, Burbidge, 1994, Sharp, 2005.…”

Section: Function Of the Intervertebral Discmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In CD breeds, IVD related diseases in the cervical or thoracolumbar spine are most common and typically have their onset relatively early in life (3-7 years of age) (Hansen, 1952, Hoerlein, 1953, Brisson, 2010. This is in contrast to the NCD breeds, where IVD related diseases have a later, often progressive, onset (around 6-8 years of age) and mainly affect the lower cervical or lumbosacral spine, although the thoracolumbar spine can also be affected (Brisson, 2010, Hansen, 1952, Meij and Bergknut, 2010, Cudia and Duval, 1997.…”

Section: Function Of the Intervertebral Discmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Degeneration of the IVD can be part of the normal aging process and degenerated IVDs are common incidental findings in clinically healthy dogs (Brisson, 2010, Hansen, 1952, da Costa et al, 2006. However, IVD degeneration is also highly associated with diseases like cervical and thoracolumbar IVD herniation, degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) and cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) (Hansen, 1952, Meij and Bergknut, 2010, Burbidge, 1994, Bergknut et al, 2012a, da Costa et al, 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

et al. 2017

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The myth of fibroid degeneration in the canine intervertebral disc -A histopathological comparison of disc degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs Myten om fibroid degeneration i hundens intervertebraldiskerEn histopatologisk jämförelse av diskdegeneration mellan chondrodystrofa och icke chondrodystrofa hundar Tove Hansen Supervisor: Niklas Bergknut, Department of Clinical Sciences Examiner: Ragnvi Hagman, Department of Clinical Sciences Degree Project in Veterinary Medicine SUMMARYIn the 1950's, the veterinary pathologist, Hans-Jörgen Hansen noticed several dissimilarities between so called chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds regarding intervertebral disc degeneration and related diseases. Chondrodystrophic breeds are characterized by disproportionally short extremities due to disturbances in the endochondral ossification whereas non-chondrodystrophic breeds have normal bodily constitutions. The two breed types often differ regarding age of onset of disease, spinal location and severity of clinical signs. He also noted different histopathological patterns during the course of degeneration, foremost in the centre of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus. Due to this, he named the degenerative processes chondroid metamorphosis and fibroid metamorphosis in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds respectively. In general, chondroid metamorphosis refers to the replacement of the original cell type (the notochordal cell) with chondrocyte-like cells, whereas the fibroid metamorphosis refers to replacement of these cells with fibrocyte-like cells. This distinction has since then been an accepted distinction between the two breed types. However, more recent studies indicate that the histopathological patterns are more similar in the two breed types than previously described, and that the chondroid metamorphosis might be the degenerative process taking place in both breed types.In this study the histopathological appearances of 42 intervertebral discs from 16 chondrodystrophic and 17 non-chondrodystrophic dogs in early stage intervertebral disc degeneration were examined. After midsagittal transection of the spines, the intervertebral discs were graded macroscopically between one and three on a five-grade scale (the Thompson grading scheme). Subsequently, each intervertebral disc was individually fixated in formalin and decalcified in EDTA. After decalcification, the intervertebral discs were embedded in paraffin, sliced with a microtome and stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin and Alcian Blue/Picrosirius Red. The histological samples were thereafter graded according to a histological grading scheme (the Boos grading scheme) after which the histological scores were compared between chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs.The results showed that there was a significant difference in total histological scores between chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs in the two lowest macroscopical grades of degeneration. Chondrodystrophic dogs had a highe...

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“…When compared with histopathology, radiography has a sensitivity of 60 % and specifi city of 100 % [15] of diagnosing disc degeneration. X-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have nearly 100 % sensitivity in detecting disc degeneration and are useful in stratifying the degree of mineralization [16,17] ; however, due to the cost and inconvenience it is challenging to Consequently, PLDA is performed on the most common sites of thoracolumbar IVDD, and with the same laser fl uence applied to each thoracolumbar disc, regardless of its mineral content. Knowledge of individual disc mineral composition would allow treatment of degenerative discs that otherwise may have been missed, and permit laser energy dosage adjustments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A low-cost needle-based single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy method to probe scattering changes associated with mineralization in intervertebral discs in chondrodystrophoid canine species – A pilot study

Piao

McKeirnan

Jiang

et al. 2012

Photonics &Amp; Lasers in Medicine

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Background and objectives:Intervertebral disc herniation is a common disease in chondrodystrophic dogs, and a similar neurologic condition also occurs in humans. Percutaneous laser disc ablation (PLDA) is a minimally invasive procedure used increasingly for prevention of disc herniation. PLDA is performed on thoracolumbar discs to which the same laser energy is applied regardless of their mineral content. Knowledge of individual disc mineral composition would allow laser energy dosage adjustments and more accurate treatment of degenerative discs. Usually, PLDA is guided by radiography/fl uoroscopy, which has a limited sensitivity of approximately 60 % for identifi cation of mineralized discs. An imaging or sensing technology that provides a more accurate pre-operative in-situ assessment of the disc mineralization, and potentially rapid post-operative feedback, could optimize the outcome of the PLDA procedure. A sensing technology of needle-probing single-fi ber refl ectance (SFR) spectroscopy is therefore proposed that is considered to be compatible with PLDA work fl ow. The objective of this study was to demon strate the feasibility of this technology in assessing the increased light scattering associated with mineralization in intervertebral discs in chondrodystrophoid canine species. Materials and methods: A pilot study was performed on a total of 21 intervertebral discs from two cadaveric dogs ( " Dog A " and " Dog B " ). The discs were imaged by computed tomography (CT), radiography, and SFR spectroscopy, before histopathologic examination. SFR spectroscopy in the visible/near-infrared band was performed on the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc through a 20-gauge spinal needle placed percutaneously for PLDA. A normalization method was applied to the raw remission spectra to extract a dimension-less and wavelength-dependent intensity profi le in the 500 -950 nm spectral range. Results: In total, six discs were determined to be degenerative on histopathology, fi ve discs of " Dog A " and one disc of " Dog B " . CT diagnosed all six degenerated discs, whereas radiography missed two of the fi ve degenerated discs of " Dog A " . The wavelength-dependent mean scattering intensity profi les of the six degenerated discs were noticeably higher than the mean scattering intensity profi les of the 15 " normal " or insignifi cantly mineralized discs over the entire spectral range. The mean scattering intensities, averaged over each of the entire profi les, were 2.79 ± 0.58 (mean ± SD) for the six degenerated discs and 1.48 ± 0.37 for the 15 " normal " or insignifi cantly mineralized discs. A two-sample t -test showed p < 0.001 for the difference of the averaged scattering intensity between these both groups of discs. Conclusions: SFR spectroscopy measurements indicate that the increase of light scattering intensity across the entire 500 -950 nm spectral range is associated with the mineralization in canine intervertebral discs. However, the scattering characteristics of the nucleus pulposus measured in this stu...

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Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis in Dogs

Cited by 126 publications

References 95 publications

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

Minimally invasive approach to lumbosacral decompression in a cadaveric canine model

The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

A low-cost needle-based single-fiber reflectance spectroscopy method to probe scattering changes associated with mineralization in intervertebral discs in chondrodystrophoid canine species – A pilot study

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