Degeneration of the Basal Ganglia in Monkeys From Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning1

Richter, R

doi:10.1097/00005072-194504040-00002

Cited by 95 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…This may account for the observation that in the newborn guinea pigs, after the initial diffuse uptake of bilirubin by the brain, localized pigment deposition (kernicterus) was found in animals that developed "clinical" evidence of bilirubin encephalopathy. In a different experimental setting, a similar sequence of relatively diffuse uptake progressing subsequently to regional brain damage has been reported with a lipid soluble gas (74,75). Such a sequential pattern is consistent with the previous observation (5) that shortly after birth, the brain of Gunn rats shows diffuse yellow staining, whereas after a few days of life, pigmentation is more prominent in certain nuclear masses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Experimental bilirubin encephalopathy. The mode of entry of bilirubin-14C into the central nervous system.

Diamond¹,

Schmid²

1966

J. Clin. Invest.

237

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Experimental bilirubin encephalopathy. The mode of entry of bilirubin-14C into the central nervous system.

Diamond¹,

Schmid²

1966

J. Clin. Invest.

237

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“…The globus pallidus, the major motor output nucleus of the basal ganglia, constitutes a key station in the striatopallidothalamic system which is known to be important in the regulation of muscle tonus, posture and initiation and execution of movement [2,4,20,23,29,32,48]. Consistently some pallidal neurons showed activity related to postural adjustment or various kinds of hand and trunk movements in the monkey [2,11,21,47,52].…”

Section: Neural Responses In the Globus Pallidusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional role of the limbic system and basal ganglia in motivated behaviors

Ono¹,

Nishijo

Nishino

2000

J Neurol

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It has been suggested that the cortico- and limbic-striatal systems are important in various motor functions such as motivated behaviors. In this paper we review our previous studies to investigate neuronal mechanisms of feeding behaviors. We recorded neuronal activity from the amygdala, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra during feeding behavior in monkeys, and compared neuronal responses recorded from these brain areas. First, of 710 amygdalar neurons tested, 129 (18.2%) responded to single sensory stimulation (48 to vision, 32 to audition, 49 to ingestion), 142 (20%) to multimodal stimulation, and 20 to only one item with affective significance. Eight food related amygdalar neurons were tested in reversal by salting food or introducing saline, and all responses were modulated by reversal. These results suggest that the amygdala might be important in ongoing recognition of the affective significance of complex stimuli (food-nonfood discrimination). Second, activity was recorded from 351 neurons in the head of the caudate nucleus of monkeys during an operant feeding task. The 16% of these neurons responded in the discrimination phase. Some of these neurons responded specifically to food. The magnitude of these food-specific neurons depended on the rewarding nature of the food (reward value), and was inversely related to the latency of the onset of bar press. Of the caudate neurons, 10% responded in the bar press phase. Activity of most neurons which responded in the bar press phase was not correlated to individual bar presses. Cooling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex abolished sustained responses during bar pressing, but did not abolish the feeding behavior. However, bar press speed tended to be delayed by prefrontal cooling. Third, activity of 358 neurons was recorded from the monkey globus pallidus, and 204 neurons responded during the feeding task. In the globus pallidus, few neurons responded to food in the discrimination phase. On the other hand, activity of most responsive neurons changed during bar press and/or ingestion phases. Activity of about half of these responsive neurons was directly related to specific feeding motor acts such as arm extension, flexion, bar pressing, grasping, chewing, etc. Some of these neurons showed motor-related responses with gradual and preparatory responses. These motor-related neurons were located mainly in the caudodorsal part of the globus pallidus. On the other hand, about one third, especially in the rostroventral part of the globus pallidus, showed dissociating responses in that they responded during bar pressing for food or during ingestion in an operant task, but not during bar pressing for nonfood or during forcible ingestion. The response magnitude of the neurons during arm extension and bar pressing depended on the nature of the food. Fourth, activity of 261 neurons was recorded from the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Most of responding neurons (more than two-thirds of the recorded neurons) responded during the bar press and/or ingestio...

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“…In the monkey, Wilson (1914) was able to destroy the putamen on one side while leaving the internal capsule intact but this only caused the animal to show a preference for using the ipsilateral limbs, there was no dyskinesia or paresis. Mettler (1945) and Richter (1945) independently puplished papers in 1945 describing the effect of bilateral pallidal lesions on monkeys. The former used a surgical approach whereas the latter was studying the effect of carbon disulphide gas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of thalamotomy in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia

Page

1992

Acta neurochir

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Peak dose dyskinesia is a major problem in the treatment of parkinsonian patients with levodopa and yet this remains the best pharmacological agent for treating the condition. The hypothesis which this research set out to test was that thalamotomy in the area of the thalamus which receives the input from the medial segment of the globus pallidus would decrease or prevent the dyskinesia. A well established primate model of parkinsonism was used. Eight monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were rendered parkinsonian with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Regular dosing with levodopa or apomorphine reliably resulted in peak dose dyskinesia. Thalamotomy was carried out using a radiofrequency electrode. To ensure that the appropriate area of the thalamus was targeted, that is the area receiving the pallidal input, an anatomical tracing study was carried out. The anterograde anatomical tracer horseradish peroxidase, covalently bound to wheatgerm agglutinin, was injected into the medial segment of the globus pallidus bilaterally in three monkeys. The target site for thalamotomy was accurately worked out from the tracings obtained. Chorea was usually abolished and always reduced by a thalamotomy in the pallidal terminal territory. This result was obtained after 10 thalamotomies: 4 animals receiving bilateral lesions, with an interval between operations, and 2 animals undergoing unilateral surgery. Lesions in three control sites were carried out and had no permanent effect on chorea. The effect of lesions in other areas was also assessed. Dystonia was not relieved by any thalamic lesion. Thalamotomy is a long established procedure used to help parkinsonian tremor. Appropriately placed thalamotomy should be considered for the relief of disabling peak dose dyskinesia, which is predominantly choreic, in parkinsonian patients on otherwise successful levodopa therapy.

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Degeneration of the Basal Ganglia in Monkeys From Chronic Carbon Disulfide Poisoning1

Cited by 95 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental bilirubin encephalopathy. The mode of entry of bilirubin-14C into the central nervous system.

Experimental bilirubin encephalopathy. The mode of entry of bilirubin-14C into the central nervous system.

Functional role of the limbic system and basal ganglia in motivated behaviors

The use of thalamotomy in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia

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