Deformations of the skull in head injury as studied by the “stresscoat” technic

Gurdjian, E. S.; Lissner, H. R.

doi:10.1016/0002-9610(47)90321-8

Cited by 51 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…On roentgenograms the fracture usually can be seen as a linear streak in the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the mastoid air cells are clouded by the presence of blood or cerebrospinal fluid. About 80% of ternporal-bone fractures are of the longitudinal type.11 The experiments of Proctor and as¬ sociates 34 and Gurdjian and Lissner 16 have shown that longitudinal fractures more com¬ monly occur from blows to the parietal and temporal regions of the skull than from blows to the occipital or frontal regions. Character¬ istically, the fracture line traverses the annulus tympanicus, creating a laceration of the tympanic membrane and bleeding from the ear.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deafness and Vertigo from Head Injury

Schuknecht¹,

Davison²

1956

Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

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Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deafness and Vertigo from Head Injury

Schuknecht¹,

Davison²

1956

Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

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“…The brittle coatings are lacquers which are sprayed or spread onto the bone surface (Gurdjian and Lissner, 1945, 1946, 1947, on the human skull; Evans and Lissner, 1948;Evans et al, 1953;Pedersen et al, 1949;Kalen, 1961, on the human femur) and break orthogonally in the direction of maximum strain when the local deformation limit-value is exceeded. This method gives a total view only of the surface stress state and does not specify by how much the deformation threshold value is exceeded.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a method for quantitative stress analysis in bones by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

et al. 1983

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Comparative critical examination of methods suitable for studying stress in bones have shown that the three-dimensional photoelastic method is one of the most reliable. Described herein is the method for obtaining, by fusion, full-scale models in epoxy resin, that are exactly equivalent to external shape of the prototypes.This technique offers the advantages of being applicable without variation to any bone segment and of enabling a large number of additional resin castings to be made from the same mould. Hence it is possible to produce a very large number of copies of the same bone segment that will be suitable for comparative studies of different load situations.As an example, quantitative data expressing both surface and internal tension trends in the proximal third of a normal human femur are given.It is well known that a bone exposed to mechanical stress becomes elastically deformed and develops corresponding internal tensions which, influencing its biodynamics, improve the bone structure, making it mechanically better suited for the stresses applied. The internal structure of bones thus is in direct relation to the mechanical stresses exerted on them.The correlation between mechanical requirements and bone structure, with particular reference to the arrangement and orientation of cancellous bone trabecules, has been known since early in the last century. Ward (1838) was the first to provide detailed description of cancellous bone in the femoral neck, by identifying the three main trabecular systems; furthermore, comparing the construction of femur epiphysis to that of a crane, he identified a zone subjected to compression along the medial cortical bone and a zone of tension along the lateral cortical bone. These results were later confirmed by Wyman (1857). Humphry (1858) observed that in the femoral neck the main trabecular systems cross each other at right angles, and that the trabeculae are arranged perpendicularly in relation to the articular surface of the femur head. In 1867 von Meyer published, according to data of Culmann (1866), his theory regarding cancellous bone architecture, with a definition of trabecular trajectories arranged along the principal stress lines.On the basis of Meyer's and Culmann's data, the close relationship between the function and architecture of cancellous bone was demonstrated by Wolff (1892), and developed and confirmed by Roux (1893) in his theory of functional adaptation.More recently the now undisputed link between shape, structure, and mechanical function of bone has been verified in a series of studies which have used more sophisticated and accurate methods of investigation. Among these, the most reliable are: finite elements (theoretical calculation method), electric strain gauges, brittle coatings, holographic interferometry, and photoelasticity methods (all experimental methods).The finite elements method applied to bones (Zinkiewicz,

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“…Gurdjian and Lissner (7), who looked at biomechanical properties of dry, preserved and living animal skulls, concluded that the magnitude, direction and general distribution of strain patterns in preserved skulls were no different than those in skulls of living animals. Thus, strain measurements from this model, which used preserved human skulls, are applicable to skulls of living people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain pattern in the upper facial skeleton: Preliminary model development

Goldberg

Fialkov

2002

J Plast Surg

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In the human upper facial skeleton, the patterns of strain caused by physiological loading are not known. It is generally accepted that these patterns can be predicted based on the morphology of the bone, but this is not necessarily the case. The elucidation of these patterns of strain has a significant impact on the plating techniques of facial fractures, the development of bone substitutes and tissue-engineered bone, and the understanding of facial development. The goal of this study was to initiate the development of a model that could be used to measure strain magnitude and direction in the upper facial skeleton from physiological loading of facial musculature. A strain gauge was bonded to the lateral orbital rim of a cadaveric skull that had been dissected, leaving only muscular origins and insertions intact. Braided nylon straps were sutured to the origins and insertions of the masseter and levator labii superioris, and these were pulled individually using a hydraulic testing machine. When the masseter origin was pulled, the recorded strain increased with increasing force and the angle of the strain corresponded directly to the angle of pull. When the levator labii superioris origin was pulled, the angle of strain was directed anteriorly and inferiorly, but did not correspond with the axis of the muscle or the axis of the lateral orbital rim where the strain gauge was located. It was concluded that this model is reliable and reproducible for investigating strain magnitude and direction in the human upper facial skeleton.Key Words: Craniofacial; Human; Strain; Strain gauge Modèles de tension dans la région crâniofaciale supérieure : Élaboration d'un modèle préliminaire RÉSUMÉ : Dans la région crâniofaciale supérieure de l'humain, les modèles de la tension causée par la surcharge physiologique sont inconnus. En général, il est accepté que ces modèles peuvent être prédits d'après la morphologie de l'os, mais ce n'est pas nécessairement le cas. L'élucidation de ces modèles de tension a des répercussions importantes sur les techniques de pose de plaque en cas de fractures faciales, sur le développement de substituts osseux et d'os issu du génie tissulaire et sur la compréhension du développement facial. La présente étude visait à amorcer un modèle qui pourrait être utilisé pour mesurer l'ampleur et la direction de la tension dans la région crâniofaciale supérieure, d'après la surcharge physiologique de la musculature faciale. Un tensiomètre a été fixé au rebord orbital latéral du crâne d'un cadavre disséqué pour ne laisser que les origines et les insertions musculaires intactes. Des bandes de nylon tressées ont été suturées aux origines et aux insertions du masséter et du muscle releveur de la lèvre supérieure, qui ont été tirées individuellement au moyen d'une machine d'essai hydraulique. Lorsque l'origine du masséter a été tirée, la tension inscrite a augmenté avec une force croissante, et l'angle de tension correspondait directement à l'angle de traction. Lorsque l'origine du muscle releveur de la lèvre supé...

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Deformations of the skull in head injury as studied by the “stresscoat” technic

Cited by 51 publications

References 2 publications

Deafness and Vertigo from Head Injury

Deafness and Vertigo from Head Injury

Development of a method for quantitative stress analysis in bones by three‐dimensional photoelasticity

Strain pattern in the upper facial skeleton: Preliminary model development

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