“…Furthermore, the mechanisms for the formation of deformation twins are not very well studied even for coarse-grained bcc and hcp metals and alloys. Although the twinning mechanisms for coarse-grained and nc hcp metals are already under investigation [159][160][161]163,166,170,241,273,277,[328][329][330][331][332][333], it is not clear if the twinning phenomena and mechanisms observed in nc fcc metals also occur in nc bcc and fcc systems. For example, it is unknown if the grain size effect on deformation twinning observed in nc fcc metals also exists in nc bcc and hcp metals.…”