“…Several methods have been originated for processing SPD such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [14,[24][25][26][27], high-pressure torsion [18][19][20], twist extrusion (TE) [28], accumulative rolling bonding [29], multi-directional forging [30], multi-channel spiral twist extrude (MCSTE) [15][16][17]31], friction stir welding [32][33][34], rolling in a three high skew rolling mill [35], and extrusion with KOBO [36] for improving ductility and mechanical properties in a wide range of materials. Among various SPD techniques, ECAP fulfilled almost all expectations of an SPD process such as producing nanostructure or UFG structure in metals and alloys as well as its applicability to industrial needs [37][38][39][40]. Within ECAP, a processed sample (ECAPed), which has a high shear strain, consists with two intersecting channels of equal cross-sections intersecting at a channel angle Φ and with a curvature angle Ψ [41] as shown in Figure 1, experiences a considerable amount of shear strain during processing in the ECAP die.…”