Defoliation negatively affects plant growth and the ectomycorrhizal community of Pinus pinaster in Spain

Pestaña, Montserrat; Santolamazza‐Carbone, Serena

doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1760-8

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Manual defoliation of Pinus sylvestris caused a threefold reduction in ectomycorrhizal sporocarp production with a concomitant decrease in sporocarp diversity (Kuikka et al 2003). This finding contrasts with results of manual defoliation of Pinus pinaster, where sporocarp abundance, richness, and diversity were unaffected by foliage loss; however, EM species richness declined and community composition shifted (Pestan˜a and Santolamazza-Carbone 2011). The presence of substitute EM hosts, identity of host species, and the degree of photosynthate reduction may all affect the response of above-and belowground EM fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle epidemic

Treu

Karst

Randall

et al. 2014

Ecology

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Forest die-off caused by mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosa) is rapidly transforming western North American landscapes. The rapid and widespread death of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) will likely have cascading effects on biodiversity. One group particularly prone to such declines associated with MPB are ectomycorrhizal fungi, symbiotic organisms that can depend on pine for their survival, and are critical for stand regeneration. We evaluated the indirect effects of MPB on above- (community composition of epigeous sporocarps) and belowground (hyphal abundance) occurrences of ectomycorrhizal fungi across 11 forest stands. Along a gradient of mortality (0-82% pine killed), macromycete community composition changed; this shift was driven by a decrease in the species richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both the proportion of species that were ectomycorrhizal and hyphal length in the soil declined with increased MPB-caused pine mortality; < 10% of sporocarp species were ectomycorrhizal in stands with high pine mortality compared with > 70% in stands without MPB attacks. The rapid range expansion of a native insect results not only in the widespread mortality of an ecologically and economically important pine species, but the effect of MPB may also be exacerbated by the concomitant decline of fungi crucial for recovery of these forests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle epidemic

Treu

Karst

Randall

et al. 2014

Ecology

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“…Aside from one study (Bell and Adams 2004), drought consistently changes the community composition of EM fungi with an increase in ascomycete fungi (Table 2) (Gehring et al 2014a;Gordon and Gehring 2011;Swaty et al 2004). Similar to drought, shifts in species composition are frequently observed in response to herbivory, manual defoliation, and parasitism with community convergence towards ascomycete fungi (Table 2) (Gehring and Bennett 2009;Gehring et al 2014b;Kuikka et al 2003;Mueller et al 2005;Pestaña and Santolamazza-Carbone 2011). This conclusion, however, is based on three pine species and must be tested on a broader suite of hosts.…”

Section: Community Composition and Diversitymentioning

confidence: 81%

Consequences for ectomycorrhizal fungi of the selective loss or gain of pine across landscapes

Karst

Randall

Gehring

2014

Botany

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Altered disturbance regimes and novel introductions are causing rapid shifts in the distribution of pines (Pinus L.). The functionally obligate symbiosis between pines and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi dictates that shifts in the distribution of one partner will affect the distribution of the other. In this review, we examine evidence for three hypotheses. (1) The loss of photosynthates through stress or tree mortality decreases the abundance of EM fungi and selects for less carbon-demanding species.(2) Pine introductions initiate establishment of novel EM fungal communities. (3) The extent of shifts in EM fungal abundance and community composition is mediated by surrounding vegetation. We find support for these hypotheses though changes in EM fungal abundance are variable and context-dependent. We posit that the consequences of shifts in EM fungal abundance and community composition extend beyond the individual tree to the landscape; these changes may affect population dynamics of both symbionts, ecosystem processes, and the conservation and evolution of fungi. In addition to conducting baseline surveys to assess the distribution of EM fungi, increasing our understanding of their function, morphology, propagation, and controls on host-specificity, and shifts would also assist in predicting the trajectory of ecosystems following the loss or gain of pine.Résumé : Les régimes de perturbation modifiés et les nouvelles introductions sont responsables des déplacements rapides de la distribution des pins (Pinus L.). La symbiose fonctionnelle obligée entre les pins et les champignons ectomycorhizes (EM) signifie que des changements dans la distribution d'un partenaire affectera la distribution de l'autre. Dans cet article de revue, les auteurs examinent les données qui soutiennent trois hypothèses. (1) La perte de photosynthats à cause du stress ou de la mortalité des arbres diminue l'abondance des champignons EM et sélectionne les espèces à demande plus faible en carbone.(2) L'introduction du pin initie l'établissement de nouvelles communautés d'EM fongiques. (3) L'étendue des changements d'abondance des EM fongiques et la composition de la communauté passent par l'intermédiaire de la végétation environnante. Les auteurs ont trouvé un appui à ces hypothèses à travers le fait que les changements d'abondance des EM fongiques sont variables et dépendent du contexte. Ils postulent que les conséquences de ces déplacements sur le plan de l'abondance des EM fongiques et de la composition de la communauté vont au delà de l'arbre individuel vers l'écosystème ; ces changements peuvent affecter la dynamique de la population des deux symbiotes, les processus de l'écosystème et la conservation et l'évolution des champignons. En plus de réaliser des estimations de référence afin d'évaluer la distribution des EM fongiques, il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre leur fonction, leur morphologie, leur propagation et les contrôles de la spécificité à un hôte et des déplacements, afin de prédire la trajectoire des écosystèmes à la suite d'une...

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“…Similarly, in several studies examining changes in photoperiods or photosynthesis rates, the defoliation or girdling of the host suggested that basidiomycota sporocarps depend strongly on newly synthesized carbon from the host [35]–[39]. However, 75% defoliation of a Pinus pinaster stand affected the mycorrhizal community but did not decrease basidiomycota sporocarp biomass or abundance [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Carbon Transfer from the Host to Tuber melanosporum Mycorrhizas and Ascocarps Followed Using a 13C Pulse-Labeling Technique

Tacon

Zeller²,

Plain

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Truffles ascocarps need carbon to grow, but it is not known whether this carbon comes directly from the tree (heterotrophy) or from soil organic matter (saprotrophy). The objective of this work was to investigate the heterotrophic side of the ascocarp nutrition by assessing the allocation of carbon by the host to Tuber melanosporum mycorrhizas and ascocarps. In 2010, a single hazel tree selected for its high truffle (Tuber melanosporum) production and situated in the west part of the Vosges, France, was labeled with 13CO2. The transfer of 13C from the leaves to the fine roots and T. melanosporum mycorrhizas was very slow compared with the results found in the literature for herbaceous plants or other tree species. The fine roots primarily acted as a carbon conduit; they accumulated little 13C and transferred it slowly to the mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizas first formed a carbon sink and accumulated 13C prior to ascocarp development. Then, the mycorrhizas transferred 13C to the ascocarps to provide constitutive carbon (1.7 mg of 13C per day). The ascocarps accumulated host carbon until reaching complete maturity, 200 days after the first labeling and 150 days after the second labeling event. This role of the Tuber ascocarps as a carbon sink occurred several months after the end of carbon assimilation by the host and at low temperature. This finding suggests that carbon allocated to the ascocarps during winter was provided by reserve compounds stored in the wood and hydrolyzed during a period of frost. Almost all of the constitutive carbon allocated to the truffles (1% of the total carbon assimilated by the tree during the growing season) came from the host.

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Defoliation negatively affects plant growth and the ectomycorrhizal community of Pinus pinaster in Spain

Cited by 22 publications

References 53 publications

Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle epidemic

Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle epidemic

Consequences for ectomycorrhizal fungi of the selective loss or gain of pine across landscapes

Carbon Transfer from the Host to Tuber melanosporum Mycorrhizas and Ascocarps Followed Using a 13C Pulse-Labeling Technique

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