Definition, Types, Symptoms, Findings, Underlying Mechanisms, and Frequency of Overtraining and Overtraining Syndrome

Lehmann, M.; Foster, Carl; Gastmann, U.; Keizer, H. A.; Steinacker, Jürgen M.

doi:10.1007/978-0-585-34048-7_1

Cited by 43 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The fact that stress promotes illness may prove to be a factor in the development of disorders such as the OS. Case studies were conducted in other studies showing that outside stress is prevalent in several cases of OS [16,8]. These studies conclude that the overtraining syndrome may be a response to an accumulation of both training and nontraining stress [16,8], and the current study supports prior research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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The Effect of Stress Management on Non-Training Stress in the Overtraining Syndrome

Carter¹

2014

Int J Phys Med Rehabil

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The occurrence of outside stress in the form of mental or emotional stress, life changes, imagined stress, or conflict has been noted in many OS cases [8]. Prolonged stress on the body in the form of training or non-training stress has become a theory as to the development of OS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Stress Management on Non-Training Stress in the Overtraining Syndrome

Carter¹

2014

Int J Phys Med Rehabil

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“…The impact of chronic stress is mainly put in context with the overtraining syndrome (e.g. Kellmann, 2010;Lehmann, Gastmann, Keizer, & Steinacker, 1999). Athletes undergoing a strenuous training schedule can develop a significant decrease in performance associated with systemic symptoms or signs, which are also shown to be associated with other negative phenomena such as burnout (Lemyre, Roberts, & Stray-Gundersen, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Explorative Study on Major Stressors and Its Connection to Depression and Chronic Stress among German Elite Athletes

Nixdorf¹,

Frank²,

Beckmann³

2015

APE

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Although research shows that chronic stress and specific stressful events (e.g. injury, failure) are associated with depressive symptoms in athletes, connections between chronic, major stressors and depressive symptoms are yet unknown. Therefore, the goal of the study was to gain new findings between major stressors and their relations to depressive symptoms and chronic stress. A total of 134 elite athletes provided data in an online survey. In addition to quantitative measurements (current depressive symptoms, and level of chronic stress), possible stressors were assessed qualitatively with an open ended question. By using content analysis to explore stressors, three different types of stressors were categorized: Double burden, sport specific demands, and conditions. Further statistical analysis found these stressors to be associated with dropout intentions, depression and chronic stress. Athletes, who reported sport specific demands (such as high training loads) as major stressors indicated higher levels of chronic stress and depressive symptoms than athletes without major stressors. Further research investigating sources of stress and its association to depressive syndromes in athletes could benefit from considering sport specific factors.

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“…Each exercise session induces, dependent on the total training load, disturbances in cellular homeostasis. If the training load is balanced with the individual's exercise tolerance, regenerative processes will restore or increase athletic performance within a couple of days (35,36,39,40). In this situation adaptive processes result in, among others, increments in aerobic key enzymes in skeletal muscle (32) or excitability after endurance, strength, or sprint training (7,23,25,28,29) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

Wijnberg¹,

Dam²,

Graaf-Roelfsema³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal)adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 standardbred geldings trained for 32 wk in age-, breed-, and sex-matched fixed pairs. After a habituation and normal training (NT) phase (phases 1 and 2, 4 and 18 wk, respectively), with increasing intensity and duration and frequency of training sessions, an intensified training (IT) group (phase 3, 6 wk) and a control group (which continued training as in the last week of phase 2) were formed. Thereafter, all horses entered a reduced training phase (phase 4, 4 wk). One hour before a standardized exercise test (SET; treadmill), QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity were performed in muscle or in biopsies from vastus lateralis and pectoralis descendens muscle in order to identify causes of changes in exercise performance and eventual (mal)adaptation in skeletal muscle. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. Compared with NT controls, IT induced a stronger adaptation (e.g., higher amplitude, shorter duration, and fewer turns) in QEMG variables resembling potentially synchronization of individual motor unit fiber action potentials. Despite a 19% decrease in performance of the SET after IT, enzyme activities of 3-hydroxyacyl dehydrogenase and citrate synthase displayed similar increases in control and IT animals. We conclude that 1) QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation than muscle enzyme activities but does not discriminate between overreaching and normal training adaptations at this training level and 2) the decreased performance as noted in this study after IT originates most likely from a central (brain) rather than peripheral level. equine; motor unit action potential analysis; training adaptation; muscle metabolism; enzymology; overreaching THE AIM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING is to increase performance capacity by gradually increasing both duration and intensity of the exercise bouts. Each exercise session induces, dependent on the total training load, disturbances in cellular homeostasis. If the training load is balanced with the individual's exercise tolerance, regenerative processes will restore or increase athletic performance within a couple of days (35,36,39,40). In this situation adaptive processes result in, among others, increments in aerobic key enzymes in skeletal muscle (32) or excitability after endurance, strength, or sprint training (7,23,25,28,29) . However, sustained vigorous training, often coupled with other stressors, may result in incomplete recovery, and decrement rather than improvement or maintenance of performance will occur. This process is termed overreaching, which might lead to the more severe chronic situation called overtraining (33,40).Since overtraining and, to a lesser extent, overreaching are severe conditions leading to decreases in performance capacity for several weeks to several months, this obviou...

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Definition, Types, Symptoms, Findings, Underlying Mechanisms, and Frequency of Overtraining and Overtraining Syndrome

Cited by 43 publications

References 23 publications

The Effect of Stress Management on Non-Training Stress in the Overtraining Syndrome

The Effect of Stress Management on Non-Training Stress in the Overtraining Syndrome

An Explorative Study on Major Stressors and Its Connection to Depression and Chronic Stress among German Elite Athletes

(Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses

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