Definition, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Low Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in US Adults

Abstract

Context Lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is associated with many diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, polycystic ovarian syndrome, arthritis, and liver disease. However, the definition of low SHBG and its prevalence in US adults are unknown. Objective To define low SHBG and to determine its prevalence and risk factors in US adults. Design, Setting, And Participants This cohort study included adults ≥ 20 years from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016 who had fasting serum SHBG.Exposures Nhanes coverage during 2013-2016. Main Outcomes Measures Definition, prevalence, and risk factors of low SHBG. Results This study included 4 093 adults (weighted sample size of 204 789 616) with a mean (SD) age of 47.5 (17.0) years. In a “healthy” reference sub-cohort of 1 477 adults, low SHBG was defined as SHBG< 12.3 nmol/L in men <50 years, or < 23.5 nmol/L in men ≥50 years, or < 14.5 nmol/L in women <30 years, or < 21.9 nmol/L in women ≥30 years. The estimated US national prevalence of low SHBG was 3.3% in men, 2.7% in women, and 3.0% overall. Risk factors for this condition in both men and women included higher body mass index, diabetes, ethnicity (being other than Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, or non-Hispanic white), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and smoking. Conclusions This study established the criteria for low SHBG among US adults. The estimated US national prevalence of low SHBG was 3.3% in men and 2.7% in women.

Tree nut consumption is associated with higher sex hormone-binding globulin levels in premenopausal US women

“…Indeed, this study confirmed that SHBG was lower in people with hypertension or diabetes [3,4,21] compared to those without the disease. In addition, this study found that tree nut consumption was associated with a lower percentage of diagnosis of either disease.…”

Fasting status modifies the association between triglyceride and all‐cause mortality: A cohort study

“…Confounding covariates were similar to the previous publications 11–13,17,18 and included age (continuous), sex (male or female), ethnicity (Non‐Hispanic White, Non‐Hispanic Black, Mexican‐American, or other), obesity (underweight, normal, overweight, obese, or unknown), poverty‐income ratio (<130%, 130%–349%, ≥350%, or unknown), education (<high school, high school, >high school, or unknown), and survey periods (1988–1991, 1991–1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, or 2013–2014). Lifestyle confounders included physical activity (inactive, insufficiently active, active, or unknown), alcohol consumption (never, <1 drink per week, 1–6 drinks per week, ≥7 drinks per week, or unknown), and smoking status (past smoker, current smoker, nonsmoker, or unknown).…”

Higher fasting triglyceride predicts higher risks of diabetes mortality in US adults

“…Triglyceride, glucose, HbA 1c , insulin, and HOMA for insulin resistance were natural log-transformed to improve the data distribution before being put into the models. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of triglyceride with diabetes diagnosis, with or without adjustment for the above confounders [ 23 ]. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of triglyceride for diabetes mortality.…”