Definition of Scenarios for Modern Power Systems with a High Renewable Energy Share

Abstract

increasing the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, ocean and biomass. In the same direction, the European Union has set targets for specific levels of RES integration in the future European energy mix, with progressive participation of 20% in 2020, [28] 32% in 2030 and two-thirds in 2050. [24,25,27] These goals are to be achieved considering the participation of all Member States, which are defining their own policies and goals to match the general targets. For instance, Spain has established a target of 42% of RES share on energy end-use by 2030. [74] Germany and France defined a target of 65% and 40% of RES in the final electricity consumption, respectively. [26] In order to achieve the aforementioned targets, realistic power systems models are required, considering a variety of technologies, system topologies, and elements such as high-voltage direct current (HVDC), [78] microgrids, [34] virtual power plants, and dynamic virtual power plants. [53] Various future scenarios are being analyzed for each system and region to ensure that the future energy systems, composed mostly of RES, can remain stable, reliable, match the demand during the seasonal variations across the year, and are economically feasible. These studies are regional by nature as they consider local weather and the availability of resources. Some examples were conducted for provinces or regions, such as Ontario, [55] British Columbia, [63] the New York State, [51] among others. [7,13,31,46] Similar studies have also been performed using data from countries, such as Australia, [15] Bangladesh, [33] Brazil, [72,14] Chile, [54] France, [47] Germany, [66] India, [4] Italy, Pakistan, [71] Portugal, [65,30] United Arab Emirates, [3] and the United States. [52] Other studies have also analyzed systems with an ambitious goal of 100% of RES. [36,50,58,62,81] Moreover, as the number of studies has largely increased, several tools have been proposed to assist the generation expansion planning and RES design, such as EnergyPLAN, [22] EnergyScopeTD, [49] HOMER, [37] LEAP, [75] SILVER, [55] TIMES, [39] among others. [11] However, most of these studies focus on renewable resources while keeping the electrical grid out of their analysis. The contrary is also true for the grids, as several power system benchmarks have been proposed without a clear rationale for the resource type and location in the grid. A few examples are the IEEE and the CIGRE benchmarks. [64] As the power systems are adapting to support a massive integration of RES, both the resources and the Recent environmental policies have led academic, industrial, and governmental stakeholders to plan scenarios with a high share of renewable energy sources (RES), to ensure that future energy systems, composed mostly of RES, can remain stable, match the demand during seasonal variations and are economically feasible. This article considers different energy scenarios to obtain various options in terms of size, generation technologies, and grid configuratio...

Exergoeconomic and Thermodynamic Analyses of Solar Power Tower Based Novel Combined Helium Brayton Cycle‐Transcritical CO2 Cycle for Carbon Free Power Generation

“…The program extracts thermodynamic properties in order to determine each of the unknown variables, such as state point thermodynamic properties, work and heat interactions, and the rate of exergy at each state. The overall thermal and exergy efficiency for the present solar thermal power plant has been expressed as the ratio of net power output to the input heat or exergy available from solar irradiation on the heliostat field: [ 56 ] $$$$\begin{equation}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{th,}}\;{\mathrm{overall}}} = \frac{{{{\dot{W}}}_{{\mathrm{net}}}}}{{{{\dot{Q}}}_{{\mathrm{Sun}}}}}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\eta }_{{\mathrm{ex}},\;{\mathrm{overall}}} = \frac{{{{\dot{W}}}_{{\mathrm{net}}}}}{{{{\dot{Q}}}_{{\mathrm{Sun}}} \cdot \left( {1 - \frac{{{T}_0}}{{{T}_{{\mathrm{ref,}}\;{\mathrm{Sun}}}}}} \right)}}\end{equation}$$$$where T ref,Sun is the apparent sun temperature (4500 K). [ 56 ] For exergy analysis, it was considered as the equivalent temperature of the heat source.…”

“…The program extracts thermodynamic properties in order to determine each of the unknown variables, such as state point thermodynamic properties, work and heat interactions, and the rate of exergy at each state. The overall thermal and exergy efficiency for the present solar thermal power plant has been expressed as the ratio of net power output to the input heat or exergy available from solar irradiation on the heliostat field: [ 2 , 55 , 56 , 57 ] where T ref,Sun is the apparent sun temperature (4500 K). [ 56 ] For exergy analysis, it was considered as the equivalent temperature of the heat source.…”

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“…From the solar radiation, the thermal energy is utilized in CSP‐based systems to power the thermodynamic cycle. [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] Temperatures between 150 and 1500 °C are obtained by CSP using specific mirror arrangements or reflectors in CSP systems. [ 5 ]…”

Parameter Extraction of Single, Double, and Triple‐Diode Photovoltaic Models Using the Weighted Leader Search Algorithm

“…[ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ] Due to these economic and environmental factors, PV power applications are a frequently preferred, promising, and modern technology being studied. [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] However, the initial cost, that is, the investment cost, of PV systems, which offer a long‐term clean solution to energy problems by converting solar energy into electrical energy, is high. Optimal design and energy conversion efficiency are essential to maximize the benefits obtained from these systems.…”