Definition of reference ranges for free T4, TSH, and thyroglobulin levels in healthy subjects of the Jaén Health District

Amperometric Inkjet-Printed Thyroxine Sensor Based on Customized Graphene and Tunned Cyclodextrins as the Preconcentration Element

“…The determination of thyroid hormones has practical clinical meaning for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism diseases. Both illnesses are produced by a hormonal imbalance, increasing or decreasing the optimum segregation levels of the hormones, which range from 0.8 to 1.33 ng/dL for T4 (free); 60 to 180 ng/dL for T3 (total); and 0.63 to 4.19 µIU/mL for TSH [ 2 ]. Several analytical methods for the detection of the studied analytes have been developed, including chemiluminescence [ 3 ], mass spectroscopy [ 4 ], high-performance liquid chromatography [ 5 ], and immunoassay [ 6 ].…”

“…At this juncture, the relevance of investigating graphene-based composite sensors is considered. Graphene-based 2D hybrid materials present improvements in their electrochemical properties compared to conventional carbon materials, such as graphite or black carbon, which are mainly attributed to the presence of more sp 2 -like planes and edge defects in graphene making the material more electrochemically active. In addition, thanks to their malleability, conductive elements such as gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs@rGO) are employed as modifiers by promoting electron transfer by catalyzing the redox processes of the electroactive species and providing an ideal atmosphere for (bio)molecule immobilization [17][18][19].…”