Definition of human rotavirus serotypes by plaque reduction assay

Wyatt, Richard G.; Greenberg, Harry B.; James, Walter D.; Pittman, A L; Kalica, Anthony R.; Flores, Jorge; Chanock, Robert M.; Kapikian, Albert Z.

doi:10.1128/iai.37.1.110-115.1982

Cited by 160 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Unfortunately, no BToV belonging to cluster 3 was isolated in the present study, but investigating antigenicity in this context would be of interest. R values below 25% are generally regarded as an indication of a significant antigenic difference between two viruses, and a difference greater than 20-fold in both directions (R Ͻ 5%) is used as a serotype criterion in several gastroenteric viruses (8,17,23). Thus, it seems unlikely that BToVs comprise multiple serotypes, at least based on the results of NT and HI tests using four viruses in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Newly Isolated Bovine Toroviruses from Japanese Cattle

et al. 2010

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Torovirus, a member of the Coronaviridae family, is a gastrointestinal infectious agent that has been identified in humans, cattle, pigs, and equines. Toroviruses, except equine torovirus, are difficult to propagate in cell culture; indeed, to date, only the Aichi/2004 strain of bovine torovirus (BToV) has been isolated among the human, bovine, and porcine toroviruses. In the present study, four cytopathogenic BToVs were isolated from diarrheal feces of the cattle using the HRT-18 cell line, and their genetic and antigenic properties were compared. The cytopathogenic features of BToV isolates in HRT-18 cells were similar to those of the Aichi/2004 strain. However, none of the isolates showed cytopathogenic effects in the HRT-18 cells of different origin, suggesting that one significant factor contributing to the cytopathogenicity of BToV depends on properties of the HRT-18 cells themselves. All BToVs isolated were able to agglutinate mouse, but not chicken, erythrocytes, while they lacked receptor-destroying enzyme activity. Analysis of the N terminus of the spike gene showed that three isolates, but not the Gifu-2007TI/E strain, were phylogenetically located in cluster 1 and its analogs and revealed high cross-reactivity with each other, as demonstrated by neutralization (NT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. The Gifu-2007TI/E strain was classified close to cluster 2 and exhibited relatively low cross-reactivity with these viruses; however, the difference was not sufficient to classify BToVs into serotypes, suggesting that at least two subtypes distinguishable by the structure of the N terminus of the spike gene and that both NT and HI tests may be exist.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Newly Isolated Bovine Toroviruses from Japanese Cattle

et al. 2010

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“…Because of the age of the children vaccinated, it is likely that they had been previously infected with rotavirus, since subsequent studies in younger infants who were immunized with the RIT 4237 vaccine in Rwanda and Gambia failed to demonstrate vaccine efficacy. Exploiting the concept of infection-permissive immunity [Kilbourne, 19841 may be relevant to rotavirus vaccinology given the relatively large number of human rotavirus serotypes (six up to date) [Wyatt et al, 1982;Matsuno et al, 1985;Clark et al, 19871. In the present study, the RRV vaccine, which is similar to human serotype 3 rotavirus (through its VP7 neutralization protein), induced a high level of protection against severe episodes of diarrhea, especially when it was fed to the younger infants in the group (1-4 months old). As noted above, most of the rotavirus illnesses occurring during the study period were due to serotype 3 rotavirus which was prevalent in Caracas a t the time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective study of diarrheal diseases in Venezuelan children to evaluate the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine

Pérez‐Schael

Garcia

Gonzalez

et al. 1990

Journal of Medical Virology

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The efficacy of a rhesus rotavirus vaccine (MMU 18006, serotype 3) against infantile diarrhea was evaluated by active home surveillance of a group of 320 children 1-10 months of age in Caracas, Venezuela. During a 1 year period following oral administration of vaccine or placebo under a double-masked code, over 600 diarrheal episodes were detected. Etiologic studies revealed that heat-stable toxin (ST) producing enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most common diarrheal agent detected (34%) followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 10.9%), heat-labile toxin (LT) producing ETEC (7.6%), rotavirus (6.9%), Cryptosporidium (4.8%) and Campylobacter (1.3%). ST-producing ETEC were also recovered from over 20% of control stool specimens obtained during diarrhea-free periods, whereas EPEC, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, and Campylobacter were rarely detected in such control specimens. Rotavirus was responsible for about one-half of the more severe cases of diarrhea. Twenty-two of 151 infants who received placebo (14.6%) and eight of 151 receiving a 10(4) PFU dose of vaccine (5.3%) had rotavirus diarrhea during the follow-up period for an efficacy level of 64% against any rotavirus diarrhea. However, vaccine efficacy reached 90% against the more severe cases of rotavirus diarrhea and was noticeably high in the 1-4 month age group. Serotypic analysis of the rotaviruses detected suggests that the resistance induced by the vaccine was type specific since significant protection was only evident against serotype 3 rotaviruses. A 10(3) PFU dose tested initially in 18 children did not appear to protect against rotavirus diarrhea.

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“…If neutralizing activity of breast milk were protective against rotavirus diarrhea, children with RVD might be expected to consume milk with less neutralizing activity than children with diarrhea of other etiologies. We collected breast milk from mothers of a group of 74 consecutive patients under 1 year of age at the time of admission and assayed milk samples in four-fold dilutions with a plaque reduction neutralization test using human Wa virus (serotype 1) (9).…”

Section: Materials a N D Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations Questioning a Protective Role for Breast‐feeding in Severe Rotavirus Diarrhea

Glass¹,

Stoll²,

Wyatt³

et al. 1986

Acta Paediatrica

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To investigate whether breast-feeding protects children against rotavirus diarrhea (RVD), we compared rates of breast-feeding by age and enteric pathogens among 2,276 children with diarrhea 0-4 years of age who attended a diarrhea hospital in Bangladesh. Infants 0-5 months were less likely to be breast-fed than children 6-11 months of age suggesting that some protection against diarrhea with all agents was associated with early breast-feeding. In every age group studied, breast-feeding was more common among children with RVD than among children with non-RVD whereas it was less common among children with cholera and shigellosis. Twenty percent of breast milks consumed by infants less than 1 year of age had high levels of neutralizing activity (greater than or equal to 320) to the Wa strain of rotavirus but this activity did not appear to be protective since the 30 infants with RVD consumed milk which had titers that did not differ significantly from those consumed by 44 infants with diarrhea of other cause. Despite the prolonged breast-feeding which is common in Bangladesh, the mean age of hospitalization with RVD is approximately the same as in countries where the duration of breast-feeding is quite short. None of these 3 independent observations support a protective role for breast-feeding against rotavirus diarrhea after the first months of life.

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Definition of human rotavirus serotypes by plaque reduction assay

Cited by 160 publications

References 29 publications

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Newly Isolated Bovine Toroviruses from Japanese Cattle

Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Newly Isolated Bovine Toroviruses from Japanese Cattle

Prospective study of diarrheal diseases in Venezuelan children to evaluate the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine

Observations Questioning a Protective Role for Breast‐feeding in Severe Rotavirus Diarrhea

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