Definition and classification of fault damage zones: A review and a new methodological approach

Choi, Jin‐Hyuck; Edwards, Paul; Ko, Kyoungtae; Kim, Young‐Seog

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.006

Cited by 334 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…At this point, measured cumulative fracture density plots increase in gradient (Figure 6c). Local increase in density of fractures is commonly associated with fault damage zones (Choi et al, 2016), and hence we interpret that the dike intruded along a pre-existing left-lateral fault and into its tip damage zone. Also, the main NW-SE dike is much thicker than the E-W dikelets, and thus we interpret this that the NW-SE fault is the main fault with higher connectivity acting as a conduit of magma intrusion and the direction is much closer to being perpendicular to the dilation direction.…”

Section: Sitementioning

confidence: 80%

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Variations in thickness of fault‐controlled dikes and its implications: A case study of Gosung area, South‐East Korea

2017

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Dikes are natural records that can be used to understand the way magma flows in the crust. Coastal platform outcrops in Gosung, South Korea, show clear evidences that their intrusion took place along pre‐existing fractures. We analyzed outcropping dikes, measuring variations in dike thickness as well as fracture density (cumulative number of fractures along strike) and geometry around the dikes. The geometry and thickness variations of dikes intruded along pre‐existing fractures can be interpreted to understand the effect of pre‐existing fractures to evolution on magma flow, especially related with fault damage zones. This helps us to gain a better understanding of magma and fluid flow along pre‐existing fractures. Magma flow is greater along planes that strike perpendicular to the direction of least compressive horizontal stress, and along well connected fractures that show a high degree of connectivity. At the fault tip and linkage damage zone, there is a concentration of extensional fractures; in these areas injected dikelets can form. As faults become linked, the fracture density increases, until they become fully linked and act as one through‐going fault plane. As faults evolve, the boundary conditions of the faults vary and this has an impact on dike characteristics. Fracture geometry around dikes that intruded pre‐existing faults can be used as a record of fault evolution and this can give insights into how the maturity of a fault system can affect to the related magma or fluid flow characteristics.

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Section: Sitementioning

confidence: 80%

“…It shows the changes in displacement and damage density along fault trace at different stages in fault evolution. Modified from Kim et al and Choi et al …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in thickness of fault‐controlled dikes and its implications: A case study of Gosung area, South‐East Korea

2017

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“…; Mitchell & Faulkner ; Choi et al . ). The fault core is recognised as a high strain, low‐permeability portion of the fault zone and characterised by the presence of finally comminuted rock fragments with a small intergranular porosity, known as gouge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Laboratory observations of fault transmissibility alteration in carbonate rock during direct shearing

et al. 2016

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We present the results of hydromechanical changes across and along the evolving rupture surface of carbonate rocks during direct shear experiments. Direct shear experiments were performed on a laminated travertine of continental, microbial origin with calcite content of 99 wt%, chosen as a lithological analogue for Aptian presalt oil reservoir rocks found in South Atlantic presalt basins. Medical X‐ray CT images show that the porosity (~9–13%) is mainly composed of subplanar pores and vugs. Permeability is high along the laminations (~50–200 mD), controlled by interconnected pores and fractures, and extremely low across the laminations (≪1 mD). Six intact samples of travertine were sheared across the bedding direction to short displacement (20 mm), and a further three samples were sheared to a much longer displacement (120 mm). A constant effective vertical stresses of either 35, 40 or 45 MPa was applied throughout the tests. Fluid flow response across and along the fault zone was monitored continuously during both shear deformation (dynamic transmissibility) and hold periods (static transmissibility), while keeping a constant pore pressure throughout the measurement. While the samples show some microstructural variability, the set of samples sheared to 20‐mm displacement followed the same early kinematics and show very similar mechanical response to that seen in the same period of the samples where shear was continued on to 120‐mm displacement. After 20‐mm displacement, the microstructures are dominated by fractures in a zone 10–20 mm wide resembling a typical fault damage zone, with only thin and patchy development of gouge on the principal displacement plane. In all of the samples sheared to a high displacement of 120 mm, a continuous layer of gouge (6.2–13 mm thick) was formed, defining a distinct core of the shear zone. The dynamic transmissibility across the fault decreases progressively in all the sheared samples regardless of the applied effective stress. In general, the volume decreases as well, though at a tapering rate, throughout shear. A small vertical dilation occurred near the peak strength for travertine sheared under 35 MPa vertical stress, but this was not accompanied by an increase in transmissibility. From the results, we conclude that once the gouge material is developed in the core of the fault zone, the dynamic transmissibility across the fault is permanently decreased.

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“…Childs et al (2009) noticed the lack of scaling laws integrating the width of the zone of normal drag adjacent to a fault. This width can probably be related to the width of the brittle damage zone and thus to the maximum displacement using previously published scaling laws (e.g., Torabi and Berg, 2011;Johri et al, 2014;Choi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A parametric fault displacement model to introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data

et al. 2018

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Fault-related displacements impact oil and gas flow predictions at reservoir scales. In this contribution, we integrate a quantitative description of fault-related deformation directly embedded into the structural modeling workflow. Consistent fault displacements are produced by using numerical fault operators that deform horizons in accordance with theoretical isolated fault displacement models to generate kinematically consistent structural models.We compare structural modeling approaches based on such fault operators with those relying on interpolation. Several synthetic cross-sections are generated from a reference high-resolution structural model of the Santos Basin, Brazil. Models are reconstructed from this 2D synthetic sparse dataset using both methods. Their ability to produce consistent structural models is assessed by comparing reconstructed and reference models. On this example, kinematic modeling improves the quality of automatically generated models when only few and poor quality observations are available, thus reducing the time needed for structural validation.

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Definition and classification of fault damage zones: A review and a new methodological approach

Cited by 334 publications

References 124 publications

Variations in thickness of fault‐controlled dikes and its implications: A case study of Gosung area, South‐East Korea

Variations in thickness of fault‐controlled dikes and its implications: A case study of Gosung area, South‐East Korea

Laboratory observations of fault transmissibility alteration in carbonate rock during direct shearing

A parametric fault displacement model to introduce kinematic control into modeling faults from sparse data

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