Defining the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram

Bosina, Ernst; Weidmann, Ulrich

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11440-4_42

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Others are based on transportation modeling, such as Free Streamline Theory [41], simulation model [42] and Monte Carlo simulation [43]. Other tools are used, such as fuzzy logic [44], Bayesian modeling [45] and fundamental diagram [46]. Also, for these last works it is possible to make the same previous considerations about the choice and the number of variables; when they are too many, they are separately studied.…”

Section: State Of the Art: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Factor and Pedestrian Speed on Sidewalks

Pinna

Murrau

2018

Sustainability

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Pedestrian infrastructures feature the spaces where every user accesses all the mobility forms: in fact, every movement begins and finishes with a walking section. For this reason, it is very important to pay more attention towards what is said "last mile", that must be designed and constructed to be easily used from the major part of users, with a special attention to more disadvantage citizens. Among all pedestrian characteristics, the least considered is speed, and when it is considered, the reference is the mean speed, that is the speed of the most likely common user. There are numerous and simultaneous factors that influence pedestrian behavior. The age factor mainly determines the psycho-physical characteristics and therefore the behavior. In the present study, it has been observed the behavior on sidewalks with reference to age. The study is based on a survey carried out in the downtown of Oristano, with a total pedestrian flow of 14,182 users. The purpose is, first, to understand how pedestrian speed varies with age, and subsequently to assess if a statistical model exists to describe the pedestrian behavior by age. After a general analysis of pedestrian behavior, the paper focused on users walking not alone but within a flow. The research considers pedestrian speed in real conditions and not isolated pedestrian speed because a pedestrian, inevitably, interacts with other pedestrians and this provides a particular condition. For this reason, the main analysis is based on a subdataset formed by the 2794 individual pedestrians. The analysis shows that there is not a linear relationship between speed and age, but it is better to consider a polynomial model between the mean individual pedestrian speed, mean walking speed and age class. Results show that speed of individual pedestrians decreases as age increases; younger pedestrians walk faster than others, with a difference of 19.2% respect to older ones. This decrease can be represented by a statistical model. The model also shows that there is not a linear relationship between speed and age, but it is better to consider a polynomial model between the mean individual pedestrian speed, mean walking speed and age class. It is necessary to underline this aspect because many efforts have been made all over the world to promote sustainable mobility. Walking is one of the most important aspect of sustainability, so we will aspect an increase of the number of new walking citizens. But it is necessary to consider how population is growing, with a growing number of senior citizens. It is for these users that we will have to plan in the future. In conclusion, the paper studied the mean individual pedestrian speed and its relationship with age and mean walking speed, finding statistical models able to interpret pedestrian behavior; the choice of the mean individual pedestrian speed as dependent variable is the novelty of the study because analyzes a real condition. In fact, the most common case is that of a pedestrian walking within a flow, and not alone. This is an el...

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Section: State Of the Art: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Factor and Pedestrian Speed on Sidewalks

Pinna

Murrau

2018

Sustainability

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“…The assessment typically employs factors like expected travel speeds, flow, and densities . These factors are related through, so‐called, fundamental diagrams, which allow achievable travel rates (speeds and flow) to be established on the basis of route capacity and population size (eg, previous studies). The physical movement is initiated after a delay period (premovement time ) based on the evacuee reception, perception, and interpretation of the conditions faced, eg, fire conditions, actions of others, alarm type, and proximity to incident.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

Geoerg

Berchtold

Gwynne³

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary To quantify the evacuation process, evacuation practitioners use engineering egress data describing the occupant movement characteristics. These data are typically based to young and fit populations. However, the movement abilities of occupants who might be involved in evacuations are becoming more variable—with the building populations of today typically including increasing numbers of individuals: with impairments or who are otherwise elderly or generally less mobile. Thus, there will be an increasing proportion of building occupants with reduced ability to egress. For safe evacuation, there is therefore a need to provide valid engineering egress data considering pedestrians with disabilities. Gwynne and Boyce recently compiled a series of data sets related to the evacuation process to support practitioner activities in the chapter Engineering Data in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. This paper supplements these data sets by providing information on and presenting data obtained from additional research related to the premovement and horizontal movement of participants with physical‐, cognitive‐, or age‐related disabilities. The aim is to provide an overview of currently available data sets related to, and key factors affecting the egress performance of, mixed ability populations which could be used to guide fire safety engineering decisions in the context of building design.

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“…In general, parameters like a pedestrian flow rate are not constant in time because of individual characteristics and social interrelations. So, in practice, long measurement intervals reduce the fluctuations and short measurement intervals reduce the statistical meaning of the observed phenomena 84–86 . While in field studies of car traffic periods of 3 to 5 minutes are not uncommon for the determination of moving averages, 84 controlled studies of pedestrian dynamics usually have significantly shorter running times due to limited personnel and financial factors which is unlike in field studies of vehicle traffic.…”

Section: Analysis and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

et al. 2020

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Summary The importance of empirical relations to quantify the movement of pedestrians through a facility has increased during the last decades since performance‐based design methods became more common. Bottlenecks are of special interest because of their importance for egress routes and as they result in a reduced capacity. The empirical relations as the density‐dependent movement speed or flow rate were derived by studies under laboratory conditions, which were usually conducted with populations of homogeneous characteristics for better control of influencing variables. If individual characteristics of a crowd become more heterogeneous, individuals were forced to adapt their individual movement and control individual manoeuvring. These unintended interactions lead to a different shape of the fundamental empirical relations. Here, we present results from a movement study under well‐controlled boundary conditions in which participants with and without different characteristics of disabilities participated. To consider the effect of different heterogeneities on the capacity of a facility, fundamental diagrams are generated using the Voronoi method. If participants with visible disabilities (such as using assistive devices) are part of a crowd, significant differences relating to the shape of the empirical relations and the capacities are found. This indicates that the heterogeneity of a population leads to an increased interpersonal interaction which results in influenced movement characteristics.

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Defining the Pedestrian Fundamental Diagram

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Age Factor and Pedestrian Speed on Sidewalks

Age Factor and Pedestrian Speed on Sidewalks

Engineering egress data considering pedestrians with reduced mobility

The influence of individual impairments in crowd dynamics

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