Defining the Limits of Greater India

Meng, Jun; Gilder, Stuart; Wang, Chengshan; Coe, Robert S.; Tan, Xiaodong; Zhao, Xianzheng; He, Kuang

doi:10.1029/2019gl082119

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Coincidentally, it has been demonstrated that other sites in the TP, including regions in the south (DeCelles et al, 2014;Yi et al, 2011), centre (Horton et al, 2002;Li et al, 2012), north (Jin et al, 2018;Staisch et al, 2016), northwest (Cao et al, 2013(Cao et al, , 2015, east (Tian et al, 2016) and southeast (Liu-Zeng et al, 2018), deformed in the early Cenozoic. The Indian Plate has pushed into the Asian Plate more than 2,500 km since the plate collision in the early Cenozoic (Meng et al, 2019;Molnar & Stock, 2009), and the Paleogene convergence rate between India and Asia was clearly faster than that in the Neogene (Molnar & Stock, 2009). Recent paleoelevation studies suggest that the southern and central plateau was low until the Neogene (Botsyun et al, 2019;Ding et al, 2017;Su et al, 2019;Wu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Implications For the Growth Of The Tpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis

Song

Wang

et al. 2021

Basin Research

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The evolution of the tectonic deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the Cenozoic is significant for understanding plateau growth during India-Asia convergence. However, when deformation began and how it has developed in this pivotal region remain controversial. We focus on the temporal progress of Cenozoic deformation in the Qilian Shan, a major tectonic belt of the northeastern TP. In the present study, detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronological analysis was performed on Oligocene-Quaternary synorogenic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin, where detritus is sourced from the Qilian Shan. Age components of buried but unannealed detrital AFT samples reveal two static peaks (i.e., peak ages that are consistent upsection) at ca. 60-50 Ma and ca. 40-36 Ma and a moving peak (i.e., peak ages that are younger upsection) with increased lag time during ca. 30-8 Ma. These new detrital AFT ages, integrated with the analysis of sedimentary provenance and data from previously published studies, indicate that Cenozoic tectonic deformation began in the Qilian Shan in the late Paleocene-early Eocene. Furthermore, the Qilian Shan experienced a subsequent episodic deformation event in the late Eocene and the deformation or erosion of some terranes in the Qilian Shan decelerated during the Oligocene-Miocene. Our results suggest that the northeastern TP responded to the India-Asia collision almost instantaneously.

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Section: Implications For the Growth Of The Tpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis

Song

Wang

et al. 2021

Basin Research

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“…Therefore, if there is no subduction of felsic crust, the UCC/MCC crustal volume of GIC must balance the net volume of UCC/MCC in the present Himalaya and that being eroded. However, the final results (Extended Data Table 2) reveal the missing GIC felsic crust of 1.36×10 km 3 to 5.04×10 7 km , or ~20% to 47% of the pre-collisional UCC/MCC, based on different reconstructions of GIC 1,6,7,8,9 . It is worth noting that the estimate is just the lower limit of mass deficit due to overestimate of the UCC/MCC thickness in the present Himalaya.…”

Section: Mass Imbalance In the Felsic Crust Of Greater Indian Continent (Gic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the extent of GIC from reconstructions varies greatly from ~900 km to ~2600 km (Extended Data Table 1). Using the relatively well-constrained precollisional data of Greater India 1,6,7,8,9 and the global average UCC and MCC crustal thickness of 23 km 10 , we derive the volume of Greater Indian felsic crust, ranging from 7.13±0.69×10 7 km 3 to 10.81±1.15×10 7 km 3 (Extended Data Table 2). After collision, the Greater India-derived continental felsic crust is mainly preserved in the Himalaya fold-thrust belt 11 .…”

Section: Mass Imbalance In the Felsic Crust Of Greater Indian Continent (Gic)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Where is the missing felsic crust of Greater Indian continent?

Zhang¹,

Wang²,

Li³

2021

Preprint

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According to the plate tectonics theory, continental crust (CC), especially the felsic upper and middle continental crust (UCC and MCC), cannot subduct due to its buoyancy. Therefore, most, if not all, of the felsic crustal mass will be preserved in continental collision zones or eroded by the surface process. Consequently, the continent-continent convergence is generally slower and more short-lived than oceanic plate subduction. However, the long-duration, fast convergence, and imbalance of crustal mass in the India-Asia collisional system challenge the classical rules of plate tectonics. Systematic compilation and calculations indicate ~20-47% of the felsic crust in Greater India is missing during collision. Based on the phase equilibria modeling and density calculations, we explore the pressure-temperature-dependent density evolutions of UCC and MCC and demonstrate they are denser than the surrounding mantle at P >7-8 GPa when the phase transition from coesite to stishovite occurs. The phase equilibria induced density evolution is further integrated into the thermo-mechanical model, which confirm the deep subduction of Greater Indian continent with its felsic UCC and MCC. Analytical studies of the slab-pull forces in the subduction zone indicate the Greater Indian continent can subduct spontaneously under its own negative buoyancy when it is dragged to a depth of ~170 km by the preceding oceanic slab. The great slab-pull force, induced by the negative buoyancy of UCC and MCC below 170 km, not only contributes to the long-lasting fast convergence between India and Asia, but also explains the crustal mass imbalance during the Himalayan orogeny.

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“…On the paleolatitudinal comparison based on reliable This is a provisional file, not the final typeset article paleomagnetic poles, paleomagnetism provides a direct constrain on timing and locus for the initial collision between India and Asia (e.g., Dupont-Nivet et al, 2010;Najman et al, 2010;Yi et al, 2011Yi et al, , 2021 The Indian plate was subjected to rapid northward motion toward Asia during the Cretaceous and Paleocene (Patriat and Achache, 1984;Yin and Harrison, 2000;van Hinsbergen et al, 2011). The kinematics of the northern margin of India can be constrained by the Cretaceous and Paleogene paleomagnetic data obtained from the Tethyan Himalaya (Besse et al, 1984;Patzelt et al, 1996;Tong et al, 2008;Yi et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2015Yang et al, , 2019Ma et al, 2016;Meng et al, 2019Meng et al, , 2020Y. Zhang et al, 2019;Yuan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution petrographic evidence confirming detrital and biogenic magnetites as remanence carriers for Zongpu carbonates in the Gamba area, South Tibet

Zhao¹,

Huang²,

Yi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Paleocene carbonates from the Gamba area of South Tibet provide the largest paleomagnetic dataset for constraining the paleogeography of the India-Asia collision in the early stage. The characteristic remanences (ChRMs) obtained from this unit were, however, argued for a chemical remagnetization via orogenic fluids. This study carries out a high-resolution petrographic study on the Paleocene carbonates from Gamba aiming to test the nature of the ChRMs. Electron microscopic observation on magnetic extracts identified a large amount of detrital magnetite that are multi-to single domain in sizes and biogenic magnetite in nanoscale. Minor framboidal iron oxides were also identified, which were previously interpreted as authigenic magnetite that substitutes pyrite. However, our scanning and transmission electron microscopic (SEM/TEM) observations, along with optical microscope and Raman spectrum investigations further suggest that these magnetic minerals are pigment hematite and goethite that are incapable of carrying a stable remanence. We therefore argue that the ChRMs of the limestones from the Zongpu Formation in the Gamba area are carried by detrital and biogenic magnetites rather than authigenic magnetite. The paleomagnetic data from the Gamba area are interpreted as primary origin and can thus be used for tectonic reconstructions. We emphasize that magnetic extraction, integrated with advanced mineralogic studies (e.g., electron backscatter diffraction and electron diffraction) are effective approaches for investigating the origin of magnetic carriers in carbonate rocks. 1This manuscript is a non-peer reviewed preprint. It has been submitted to Frontiers in Earth Science on May 23th 2021.

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Defining the Limits of Greater India

Cited by 44 publications

References 53 publications

Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis

Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis

Where is the missing felsic crust of Greater Indian continent?

High-resolution petrographic evidence confirming detrital and biogenic magnetites as remanence carriers for Zongpu carbonates in the Gamba area, South Tibet

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