Defining Safe Use of Anesthesia in Children

Nontherapeutic Circumcision of Minors as an Ethically Problematic Form of Iatrogenic Injury

“…Topical anesthesia cannot fully protect an infant from substantial pain when circumcised [19,20], while general anesthetics must be avoided due to high risks [21]. [23].…”

Learning disorders related to exposure to general anesthetic in children

“…Any of the three were seen as learning disabilities, inadequate clinical situation, as each of these functions is controlled by specific brain regions. [13, 23,24] Another cohort analyzed children under four years old, who received multiple exposures to anesthesia and surgery and were compared to an unexposed group. A higher incidence of behavioral disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found in children who received general anesthesia.…”

Perioperative Cognitive Decline in the Aging Population

“…In addition to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the newborn, 99 elderly patients may be at greater risks from anesthetic exposure after either general or regional anesthesia. 9 Evidence from animal models and cell culture studies suggests that exposure to anesthetics induces pathologic changes normally associated with AD, including increase in Aβ peptide and β-actin cleavage enzyme 88 ; anesthesia-induced hypothermia also increased tau hyperphosphorylation by decreasing phosphatase 2A activity.…”