Defining race and ethnicity in Optometry

Harewood, Joy; Rosenfield, Mark

doi:10.1111/opo.12846

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…There have been several reports in the literature of biometric differences between school children of different ethnic backgrounds, 240,268,348 but these often reflect the well-known differences in refractive error between groups, especially with East Asian children being more myopic than other groups and, thus, having longer ALs. 268 Given that there are no fundamental physiological differences between people of different ethnic origins, where genetic differences within ethnic groups are often larger than the differences between groups, 349,350 one may wonder whether the biometric differences observed may be associated with lifestyle and environmental factors rather than ethnicity. Lifestyle, nutrition and ocular habits vary considerably around the world, and probably provide sufficient grounds for the majority of the biometric differences observed.…”

Section: Rozemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation

Rozema

2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Refractive development in utero is an impressive feat of prenatal growth as it brings the tiny infant eye to near hypermetropia without the assistance of a retinal image to guide visual development. After birth, the eye undergoes emmetropisation, a period during which most eyes see their cycloplegic refractive error evolve towards a value close to +1 D. Once this is reached, eye growth enters a phase of homeostasis when the eye continues to grow while maintaining its refractive error at mild hypermetropia through a gradual loss of crystalline lens power.Although emmetropisation was first described over 100 years ago by Straub, 1 its exact nature remains unclear. Straub and subsequent authors 2-4 knew that the refractive error could only be minimised if the refractive components of the eye could coordinate their growth rates, but there was no agreement on how this was accomplished.

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Section: Rozemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation

Rozema

2023

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Racial Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity–Reply to Letter to the Editor

Wang,

Ying,

et al. 2023

Ophthalmic Epidemiology

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Longitudinal refractive errors over 36 months in Hispanic and Black children

Pang,

Li,

Block

et al. 2024

Optom Vis Sci

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SIGNIFICANCE This study brings awareness of racial/ethnic difference of refractive error characteristics in clinics. PURPOSE This study aimed to assess longitudinal change in refractive errors over a 36-month period in Hispanic and Black children. METHODS Children (2.4 to 15 years old) were studied. Cycloplegic refraction was measured annually. Spherical equivalent was calculated. Astigmatism was evaluated by magnitude of cylinder and power vector (J0 and J45). Absolute value of interocular spherical equivalent difference was used to calculate anisometropia. Mixed-linear model was used to analyze longitudinal annual change in spherical equivalent, cylinder, J0, and J45 over 36 months. RESULTS A total of 485 participants (310 Black, 175 Hispanic) met the criteria. At the baseline examination, prevalence of myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was 39% (n = 187), 31% (n = 150), and 30% (n = 148), respectively. Spherical equivalent of Black children was not significantly different from that in Hispanic children (0.10 ± 2.92 vs. −0.37 ± 2.05 D, p=0.06); however, the Hispanic children had a significantly higher cylinder compared with Black children (Hispanic: 1.46 ± 1.57 D vs. Black: 0.92 ± 1.07 D; p<0.001). Both J0 (p<0.001) and J45 (p=0.01) were significantly different between two groups; the Hispanic children had more with-the-rule astigmatism and oblique astigmatism than the Black children. Prevalence of anisometropia (≥1 D) was higher in Black children (14%) compared with Hispanic children (5%, p=0.006). Over 36 months, spherical equivalent significantly decreased an average of 0.69 D (0.23 D/y, p<0.001) for both groups; neither astigmatism nor anisometropia changed significantly (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Astigmatism in the Hispanic children was significantly higher than in Black children. However, the Black children had a higher prevalence and degree of anisometropia than the Hispanic children.

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Defining race and ethnicity in Optometry

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation

Refractive development I: Biometric changes during emmetropisation

Racial Differences in Retinopathy of Prematurity–Reply to Letter to the Editor

Longitudinal refractive errors over 36 months in Hispanic and Black children

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