Defining Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) structure by confirmatory factor analysis: a contribution to validation for oncological settings

Abstract

The present study gives evidence for using HADS to detect anxious and depressive states separately as originally suggested by its authors. Given that this work involved only Italian cancer inpatients, replications in different cultural/national contexts are recommended.

Unmet needs and distress in people with inoperable lung cancer at the commencement of treatment

“…Each item has four possible responses (scored 0-3) and subscale scores range from 0 to 21. Psychometric testing supports the factor structure, reliability and validity in cancer populations [15,16].…”

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: A meta confirmatory factor analysis

“…In addition, seven studies meeting the recruitment criteria for the Cosco et al review but published since the literature search was conducted were also included [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Again, the corresponding author was contacted if the inter-item correlation matrices were not included in the publication.…”

The Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire: Psychological Empowerment in Breast Cancer Survivors

“…Higher scores indicate higher levels of disorder. The total HADS score and two subscales have shown good reliability and validity in oncological settings (Annunziata, Muzzatti, & Altoe, 2011;Vodermaier & Millman, 2011;Walker et al, 2007), different Dutch medical patient samples (Spinhoven et al, 1997), breast cancer patients (Love, Kissane, Bloch, & Clarke, 2002;Payne, Hoffman, Theodoulou, Dosik, & Massie, 1999), and breast cancer survivors (Alexander, Palmer, & Stone, 2010).…”