Defining Dysbiosis for a Cluster of Chronic Diseases

Abstract

The prevalence of many chronic diseases has increased over the last decades. It has been postulated that dysbiosis driven by environmental factors such as antibiotic use is shifting the microbiome in ways that increase inflammation and the onset of chronic disease. Dysbiosis can be defined through the loss or gain of bacteria that either promote health or disease, respectively. Here we use multiple independent datasets to determine the nature of dysbiosis for a cluster of chronic diseases that includes urinary stone disease (USD), obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease, which often exist as co-morbidities. For all disease states, individuals exhibited a statistically significant association with antibiotics in the last year compared to healthy counterparts. There was also a statistically significant association between antibiotic use and gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, each disease state was associated with a loss of microbial diversity in the gut. Three genera, Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Ruminococcus, were the most common dysbiotic taxa in terms of being enriched or depleted in disease populations and was driven in part by the diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within these genera. Results of the cross-sectional analysis suggest that antibiotic-driven loss of microbial diversity may increase the risk for chronic disease. However, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the causative effect of diversity loss for chronic disease risk.

The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity in Adults and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Weight Loss

“…The prevalence of several chronic diseases are growing worldwide; of these, obesity is the primary culprit and has been major concern for decades (Gentile and Weir, 2018;Wilkins et al, 2019). Although several methods for treating excessive weight gain are used, obesity remains a major public health problem, which requires novel nutritional and/or medical solutions.…”

“…Although several methods for treating excessive weight gain are used, obesity remains a major public health problem, which requires novel nutritional and/or medical solutions. Being overweight [body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 kg/m 2 ] or obese (BMI higher than 30 kg/m 2 ), and the related comorbidities (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer) are leading causes of death; thus, researchers strive to find novel efficient treatments for these conditions (Wilkins et al, 2019). A high-calorie diet is a causal factor for obesity and may induce changes in the function of the gut microbiome (Guirro et al, 2019).…”

Mucosal IgA Prevents Commensal Candida albicans Dysbiosis in the Oral Cavity

“…An imbalance of the mycobiome equilibrium, termed fungal dysbiosis, changes the functional composition, structure, and metabolic activities of the host microbial communities (7). Gain of function dysbiosis (9,10) may lead to mucosal fungal infection such as OPC. The human host evolved finely tuned innate and adaptive immune responses enabling to control fungal commensal organism (5,11).…”

Nutraceuticals Induced Structural Changes in Broiler Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota

“…This may suggest that dietary supplementation has a lesser impact on a more diverse symbiotic microbiota. A higher microbial diversity is commonly related to a healthier host status, whereas the lack of sufficient diversity in a microbial community structure has been associated with different intestinal diseases [22,[139][140][141][142][143][144][145]. Furthermore, imbalance of the gut microbiome composition often leads to the elimination of subset of beneficial bacteria, while the abundance of pathogenic bacteria increases, in conjunction with significant loss of diversity [146].…”