Defining a Closed-Loop U.S. Aluminum Can Supply Chain Through Technical Design and Supply Chain Innovation

Buffington, Jack; Peterson, Ray D.

doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0615-2

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…No other intermetallics were observed in the samples.When the Fe content were increased to 0.45wt.% and 0.52wt.%, there were two types of Fe-rich intermetallics observed. The Fe-rich intermetallics associated with the primary coarse α-Al phase exhibited coarse compact morphology, which was identified by SEM/EDX with the typical composition of α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si. Meanwhile, the fine intermetallics were associated with fine α-Al phase and segregated in the primary α-Al grain boundaries, which were identified by SEM/EDX quantification to be the same α-AlFeMnSi phase with the typical composition of α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Fe-rich intermetallics associated with the primary coarse α-Al phase exhibited coarse compact morphology, which was identified by SEM/EDX with the typical composition of α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si. Meanwhile, the fine intermetallics were associated with fine α-Al phase and segregated in the primary α-Al grain boundaries, which were identified by SEM/EDX quantification to be the same α-AlFeMnSi phase with the typical composition of α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si. Therefore, it is clear that the Fe-rich intermetallics contain less Fe in the alloy with very low Fe content.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the fine intermetallics were located between the primary α-Al phases. The SEM/EDX quantitative analysis (Table 1) identified the irregular Fe-rich phase with the typical composition of the α-Al 15 (Fe,Mn) 2 Si phase in the alloy with 0.08wt.%Fe and the fine compact Fe-rich phase with the typical composition of the α-Al 12 (Fe,Mn) 3 Si phase in the alloy with over 0.25wt.%Fe. No other intermetallics were observed in the samples.When the Fe content were increased to 0.45wt.% and 0.52wt.%, there were two types of Fe-rich intermetallics observed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the impurities need to be strictly controlled in order to obtain the high quality and good re-productivity of castings. On the other hand, the utilisation of recycled material in the manufacturing of aluminium castings is significant and attractive because the recycled aluminium saves up to 95% of the energy required for the production of primary alloys [3,4]. However, the recycled aluminium alloys always contain a variety of impurities, which are introduced by the contaminations, inclusions, tooling and others from processing of materials manufacturing or from casting operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Aluminium Alloy Manufactured by Recycled Materials

Yang

Watson

et al. 2014

MSF

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Abstract. The present paper introduces the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al-MgSi-Mn alloy made by recycled materials, in which the impurity levels of iron are mainly concerned. It is found that the increased Fe content reduces the ductility and yield strength but slightly increases the UTS of the diecast alloy. The tolerable Fe content is 0.45wt.%, at which the recycled alloys are still able to produce castings with the mechanical properties of yield strength over 140MPa, UTS over 280MPa and elongation over 15%.The Fe content is steadily accumulated in the alloy with the increase of recycle times. However, after 13 cycles, the recycled alloys are still able to produce ductile alloys with satisfied mechanical properties.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Aluminium Alloy Manufactured by Recycled Materials

Yang

Watson

et al. 2014

MSF

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“…in the U.S. (Buffington and Peterson 2013): the development of a unialloy aluminium can or the establishment of a ''voluntary deposit-refund system''. An alternative to the unialloy can could be to separate the body and the lid at the point of collection, as pointed out by the sensitivity analysis, since no Mn would need to be added, even at the higher RR of 75% and 95%.…”

Section: Learnings From Scenario Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Circular economy: To be or not to be in a closed product loop? A Life Cycle Assessment of aluminium cans with inclusion of alloying elements

Niero

Olsen

2016

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

131

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Abstract:Packaging, representing the second largest source of aluminium scrap at global level, deserves a key role in the transition towards the circular economy. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of aluminium products has been typically based on one life cycle considering pure aluminium flows and neglecting the presence of alloying elements and impurities. However, this simplification undermines the potentials of using LCA to quantify the environmental performances of products in multiple loops, as required in the circular economy. This study aims to investigate the effects of including the actual alloy composition in the LCA of aluminium can production and recycling, in order to understand whether a can-to-can (i.e. closed product loop) recycling should be promoted or not. Mass balance of the main alloying elements (Mn, Si, Cu, Fe) was carried out at increasing levels of recycling rate, corresponding to a temporal interval of five years. Different aluminium packaging scrap sources were considered: mixed packaging aluminium scrap and used beverage can scrap.The outcomes of the mass balance were used to quantify the amount of Mn and primary Al that needs to be reintegrated in each scenario according to the recycling rate and this information was further used to perform an LCA of 30 loops of aluminium can production and recycling, based on the actual alloy composition. The LCA revealed that the closed product loop option (considering used beverage can scrap) has lower climate change impacts over the other recycling scenario using mixed Al packaging scrap. The main recommendation from an LCA methodological point of view is to include the idea of multiple co-functions in the functional unit definition. To further improve the environmental performances of the aluminium beverage can sector towards circular economy implementation the key actions are: to reduce the weight of the lid, to develop methods to separate the body and lid at the point of collection, and to investigate the potentials of a closed supply chain loop for aluminium cans in terms of combined environmental and economic value creation.

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Material Recycling: Unearthing Metals from Anthropogenic and Industrial Resources

Meshram

Abhilash

2022

New Horizons in Metallurgy, Materials and Manufacturing

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Defining a Closed-Loop U.S. Aluminum Can Supply Chain Through Technical Design and Supply Chain Innovation

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Aluminium Alloy Manufactured by Recycled Materials

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Aluminium Alloy Manufactured by Recycled Materials

Circular economy: To be or not to be in a closed product loop? A Life Cycle Assessment of aluminium cans with inclusion of alloying elements

Material Recycling: Unearthing Metals from Anthropogenic and Industrial Resources

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