Deficits in visual sustained attention differentiate genetic liability and disease expression for Schizophrenia from Bipolar Disorder

Kumar, C.T. Sudhir; Christodoulou, Tessa; Vyas, Nora S.; Kyriakopoulos, Marinos; Corrigall, Richard; Reichenberg, Avi; Frangou, Sophia

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.006

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…34 This corroborates our current findings that imply diagnostic specificity involving visual processing regions. It is worth noting that the extrastriate visual cortex, where we find combined gyrification and functional connectivity defects in schizophrenia, shows a predilection for developmental disturbances that affect cortical maturation.…”

Section: Diagnostic Discontinuity In Psychosis Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Diagnostic Discontinuity in Psychosis: A Combined Study of Cortical Gyrification and Functional Connectivity

Palaniyappan

Liddle

2013

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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The point of rarity in brain structure and function that separates the 2 major psychotic disorders-schizophrenia and bipolar disorder-is presently unknown. The aim of this study is to combine surface anatomical and functional imaging modalities to quantify the integrity of cortical connectivity in pursuit of the neural basis of the Kraepelinian "line of divide." We tested the hypothesis that multimodal brain regions show overlapping abnormalities in both disorders, while schizophrenia-specific defects are likely to be localized to sensory processing regions. Cortical folding patterns (gyrification) and functional connectivity hub architecture (degree centrality) were studied in a sample of 39 subjects with established schizophrenia, 20 subjects with psychotic bipolar disorder, and 34 healthy controls. We observed a significant difference between the 2 groups in both gyrification and functional connectivity of the visual processing regions. Further, the aberrant functional connectivity of the visual processing regions predicted persistent symptom burden better than the diagnostic information. Using a spatial similarity analysis, we observed that the degree of overlap between the 2 disorders was small (25%) for changes in cortical gyrification and modest (51%) for changes in functional connectivity measured during a cognitive task (n-back). In conclusion, our results suggest that prominent unimodal sensory processing deficits are more likely to be present in schizophrenia than in bipolar disorder. Further, connectivity-based neuroimaging measures appear to be better indicators of diagnostic discontinuity than the symptom-based clinical information.

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Section: Diagnostic Discontinuity In Psychosis Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Diagnostic Discontinuity in Psychosis: A Combined Study of Cortical Gyrification and Functional Connectivity

Palaniyappan

Liddle

2013

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…Among first-degree relatives , preserved intelligence was also observed in five studies using the WAIS current full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) (Brotman et al, 2009; Christodoulou et al, 2012; Doyle et al, 2009; Kumar et al, 2010; Quraishi et al, 2009), with one exception, which showed impaired functioning in this task (Maziade et al, 2009). Various other tasks, mostly derived from individual WAIS subtests (e.g., Block Design, Object Assembly, Similarities, and Comprehension) were utilized to test intelligence in other studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Neurocognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and unaffected relatives: A review of the literature

Cardenas

Kassem

Brotman

et al. 2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Background Neurocognitive deficits are present in bipolar disorder (BD) patients and their unaffected (nonbipolar) relatives, but it is not clear which domains are most often impaired and the extent of the impairment resulting from shared genetic factors. In this literature review, we address these issues and identify specific neurocognitive tasks most sensitive to cognitive deficits in patients and unaffected relatives. Method We conducted a systematic review in Web of Science, PubMed/Medline and PsycINFO databases. Results Fifty-one articles assessing cognitive functioning in BD patients (23 studies) and unaffected relatives (28 studies) were examined. Patients and, less so, relatives show impairments in attention, processing speed, verbal learning/memory, and verbal fluency. Conclusion Studies were more likely to find impairment in patients than relatives, suggesting that some neurocognitive deficits may be a result of the illness itself and/or its treatment. However, small sample sizes, differences among relatives studied (e.g., relatedness, diagnostic status, age), and differences in assessment instruments may contribute to inconsistencies in reported neurocognitive performance among relatives. Additional studies addressing these issues are needed.

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“…Table 2 presents means, SDs, and participant group comparisons for the attention and cognitive indices. Interestingly, no deficits were evident on measures of sustained visual attention (d# [perceptual sensitivity] and lnb [response threshold]) and the more demanding visual search condition (SPAN 12-item array) (An absence of deficit in schizophrenia patients on the degraded-stimulus continuous performance test (DS-CPT) may reflect the selection of schizophrenia probands of similar levels of educational attainment to controls, as compared with studies (eg, Kumar et al 37 ) of people with schizophrenia having more marked educational and intelligence deficits.). Backward masking task performance in the schizophrenia patients and their relatives was minimally associated with sustained visual attention and visual search performance with only a modest association between mean masking task performance with d# from the DS-CPT, r(95) = .22, P = .03.…”

Section: Other Measures Of Visual Attention and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Fragile Early Visual Percepts Mark Genetic Liability Specific to Schizophrenia

Sponheim

Sass

Noukki

et al. 2012

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Disruption of visual percepts by a subsequent stimulus (ie, backward masking) has been consistently noted in schizophrenia, with some evidence that this fragility in early perception is present in people with genetic liability for the disorder. Given the potential of backward masking paradigms to mark neural processes that confer risk for schizophrenia, it is important to test the diagnostic specificity of abnormalities in visual perception. To more fully assess whether masking visual stimuli reveals a marker of genetic liability (ie, endophenotype) specific to schizophrenia, we tested 44 people with the disorder, 29 people with bipolar disorder, 56 first-degree biological relatives of people with schizophrenia, 26 first-degree biological relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and 43 nonpsychiatric control participants using a magnocellular-biased visual backward masking procedure that included target-to-mask onset asynchronies ranging from 0 to 80 ms. Relatives of people with schizophrenia who were without schizophrenia spectrum disorders exhibited impaired performance compared with nonpsychiatric control participants and relatives of people with bipolar disorder when a visual mask interrupted early perception (eg, 27 ms). A similar vulnerability of early processes was noted in people with schizophrenia, yet they also had impaired performance when masks occurred at later time points (ie, 80 ms). Performance deficits were not attributable to intellectual function, measures of attention and memory, symptomatology, or medication dosage. Bipolar patients and their relatives failed to exhibit deficits on the backward masking task. Fragility of early visual percepts appears to mark genetic liability specific to schizophrenia and may serve as an endophenotype for the disorder.

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Deficits in visual sustained attention differentiate genetic liability and disease expression for Schizophrenia from Bipolar Disorder

Cited by 35 publications

References 90 publications

Diagnostic Discontinuity in Psychosis: A Combined Study of Cortical Gyrification and Functional Connectivity

Diagnostic Discontinuity in Psychosis: A Combined Study of Cortical Gyrification and Functional Connectivity

Neurocognitive functioning in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and unaffected relatives: A review of the literature

Fragile Early Visual Percepts Mark Genetic Liability Specific to Schizophrenia

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