“…These results helped generate appealing hypotheses to investigate in studies of PTSD in humans (e.g., Bremner, Randall, Scott, Bronen, et al, 1995; Sapolsky, 2000), and initial investigations of neurocognitive functioning in PTSD primarily focused on episodic memory effects that were ostensibly mediated by the hippocampus. Although some studies reported robust effects of PTSD on memory functioning, including associations between reductions in hippocampal volume and episodic memory difficulties (Bremner et al, 1993; Bremner, Randall, Scott, Bronen, et al, 1995; Tischler et al, 2006; Vythilingam et al, 2005), a number of studies have failed to replicate these findings (Bremner et al, 1997; Lindauer, Olff, van Meijel, Carlier, & Gersons, 2006; Neylan et al, 2004; Stein, Koverola, Hanna, Torchia, & McClarty, 1997; Woodward, Kaloupek, et al, 2009), which raises questions about applying a hippocampal conceptualization to memory deficits in PTSD (Woodward, Kaloupek, et al, 2009). …”