Deficits in saccade target selection after inactivation of superior colliculus

McPeek, Robert M.; Keller, Edward L.

doi:10.1038/nn1269

Cited by 324 publications

(302 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Reversible inactivation of FEF neurons not only impairs saccade production (34,35) but has also been shown to increase reaction time in a covert visual search task that did not require eye movement responses (36). In addition, reversible inactivation of the SC produces deficits in target selection that cannot be attributed to a purely visual or motor impairment (37). Consistent with neurophysiological studies in monkeys, transcranial magnetic stimulation experiments provide causal evidence that the attentional role of the FEF is conserved in humans (38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field

Armstrong

Moore²

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

119

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Visual attention provides a means of selecting among the barrage of information reaching the retina and of enhancing the perceptual discriminability of relevant stimuli. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging studies in humans have demonstrated neural correlates of these perceptual improvements in visual cortex during attention. Importantly, voluntary attention improves the discriminability of visual cortical responses to relevant stimuli. Recent work aimed at identifying sources of attentional modulation has implicated the frontal eye field (FEF) in driving spatial attention. Subthreshold microstimulation of the FEF enhances the responses of area V4 neurons to spatially corresponding stimuli. However, it is not known whether these enhancements include improved visual-response discriminability, a hallmark of voluntary attention. We used receiver-operator characteristic analysis to quantify how well V4 responses discriminated visual stimuli and examined how discriminability was affected by FEF microstimulation. Discriminability of responses to stable visual stimuli decayed over time but was transiently restored after microstimulation of the FEF. As observed during voluntary attention, the enhancement resulted only from changes in the magnitude of V4 responses and not in the relationship between response magnitude and variance. Enhanced response discriminability was apparent immediately after microstimulation and was reliable within 40 ms of microstimulation onset, indicating a direct influence of FEF stimulation on visual representations. These results contribute to the mounting evidence that saccade-related signals are a source of spatial attentive selection.cognition ͉ gain control ͉ oculomotor ͉ prefrontal cortex ͉ visual perception C overt visual attention selectively enhances relevant signals from among the flood of information that enters the eye. Perception of attended stimuli is enhanced in a variety of ways (1-3), but in general discrimination of attended stimuli is improved (4). Neurophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging studies in humans have demonstrated neural correlates of these perceptual improvements in visual cortex during attention (5-7). Recent work has implicated saccaderelated circuits in driving modulations of visual processing during spatial attention. Specifically, subthreshold microstimulation of the frontal eye field (FEF), an area involved in the control of voluntary saccadic eye movements (8, 9), improves performance on an attention task (10, 11) and transiently enhances visual responses in extrastriate area V4 (12, 13). It is known that voluntary attention improves the discriminability of V4 neuronal responses (14,15) and that the enhanced discriminability results from selective changes in the magnitude of visual responses but not in their reliability (16). Although the effects of FEF microstimulation on V4 responses mirror those of voluntary attention in some respects (12, 13), how FEF microstimulation affects response discriminability and reli...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field

Armstrong

Moore²

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

172

119

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“…The transient nature of the neglect suggests that PFC (including FEF) does contribute to attentional orienting in the intact animal but that these functions are shared by other components of a larger attentional network, as noted in Introduction. In addition to the PFC, imaging studies in humans typically show activation of one or more parietal regions as well as the thalamus and superior colliculus in attentional tasks (Gitelman et al, 2002) (for review, see Hopfinger et al, 2000;Kastner and Ungerleider, 2000;Corbetta and Shulman, 2002), and the lesions or deactivations of the same structures cause transient neglect and/or impaired oculomotor orienting in monkeys (Desimone et al, 1990;McPeek and Keller, 2004) (for review, see Robinson and Petersen, 1992;Schiller and Tehovnik, 2005). Consistent with this idea of shared function, combined lesions of PFC and either the parietal cortex (Lynch and McLaren, 1989;Lynch, 1992) or superior colliculus (Schiller et al, 1980) lead to much more severe, permanent effects on attentional orienting and eye movements than does dysfunction in either structure alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top–Down Attentional Deficits in Macaques with Lesions of Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Rossi

Bichot²,

Desimone³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

166

125

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Brain imaging, electrical stimulation, and neurophysiological studies have all implicated the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the top-down control of attention. Specifically, feedback from PFC has been proposed to bias activity in visual cortex in favor of attended stimuli over irrelevant distracters. To identify which attentional functions are critically dependent on PFC, we removed PFC unilaterally in combination with transection of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in two macaques. In such a preparation, the ipsilesional hemisphere is deprived of top-down feedback from PFC to visual cortex, and the contralesional hemisphere can serve as an intact normal control. Monkeys were trained to fixate a central cue and discriminate the orientation of a colored target grating presented among colored distracter gratings in either the hemifield affected by the PFC lesion or the normal control hemifield. Locations of the targets and distracters were varied, and the color of the central cue specified the color of the target on each trial. The behavioral response was a bar release, and thus attentional impairments could be distinguished from impaired oculomotor control. When the cue was held constant for many trials, task performance in the affected hemifield was nearly normal. However, the monkeys were severely impaired when the cue was switched frequently across trials. The monkeys were unimpaired in a pop-out task with changing targets that did not require top-down attentional control. The PFC thus appears to play a critical role in the ability to flexibly reallocate attention on the basis of changing task demands.

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“…This allows the influence of self-motion on the sensory fields to be factored out of the constructed sensory model of the environment (42). Resolving the reafference problem is a key function for the mammalian SC, which is why this region is vital for organizing motion in space for directed attention, reaching, and grasping for targets (41,(48)(49)(50).…”

Section: How the Vertebrate Midbrain Supports The Capacity For Subjecmentioning

confidence: 99%

What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

Barron

Klein

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

257

183

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How, why, and when consciousness evolved remain hotly debated topics. Addressing these issues requires considering the distribution of consciousness across the animal phylogenetic tree. Here we propose that at least one invertebrate clade, the insects, has a capacity for the most basic aspect of consciousness: subjective experience. In vertebrates the capacity for subjective experience is supported by integrated structures in the midbrain that create a neural simulation of the state of the mobile animal in space. This integrated and egocentric representation of the world from the animal's perspective is sufficient for subjective experience. Structures in the insect brain perform analogous functions. Therefore, we argue the insect brain also supports a capacity for subjective experience. In both vertebrates and insects this form of behavioral control system evolved as an efficient solution to basic problems of sensory reafference and true navigation. The brain structures that support subjective experience in vertebrates and insects are very different from each other, but in both cases they are basal to each clade. Hence we propose the origins of subjective experience can be traced to the Cambrian. subjective experience | primary consciousness | vertebrate midbrain | central complex

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Deficits in saccade target selection after inactivation of superior colliculus

Cited by 324 publications

References 39 publications

Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field

Rapid enhancement of visual cortical response discriminability by microstimulation of the frontal eye field

Top–Down Attentional Deficits in Macaques with Lesions of Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness

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