“…M, DNA molecular weight markers; pXBP1U, unspliced XBP1 plasmid control; pXBP1S, spliced XBP1 plasmid control; 1:5, the ratio of pXBP1S plasmid to pXBP1U plasmid; and 5:1, the ratio of pXBP1S plasmid to pXBP1U plasmid Wang et al, 2019). Lastly, other posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation/deacetylation and sumoylation/ desumoylation, can affect XBP1S protein stability and activity as well (Jiang et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2016;Wang, Chen, & Ouyang, 2011). These different mechanisms ensure that XBP1S is only produced and functional when it is needed during ER stress.…”