Deferred effects of preweaning diet on atherosclerosis in adolescent baboons.

Lewis, David N.; Mott, Glen E.; McMahan, C. Alex; Ej, Masoro; Carey, K. Dee; McGill, Henry C.

doi:10.1161/01.atv.8.3.274

Cited by 53 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…He showed that rats raised in small litters, and therefore overfed early in postnatal life, are programmed for greater body size as adults. Subsequently, rats overfed in the brief suckling period have been shown to have higher plasma insulin and cholesterol concentrations (Hahn, 1984), while early nutrition in baboons has been found to have a major impact on later obesity (Lewis et al 1986) and atherosclerosis (Lewis et al 1988). The concept that factors early in life affect long-term health has been confirmed extensively in man.…”

Section: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVD

Singhal¹

2005

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Atherosclerotic CVD is the most common cause of death in the West. Yet, its pathogenesis and early development are only partially understood. Central to the early atherosclerotic process is impairment of vascular endothelial function. Endothelial dysfunction can be measured non-invasively and is evident in children before clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis in adulthood. Factors in early life, such as conventional cardiovascular risk factors, or programming by perinatal growth and nutrition strongly affect endothelial function and hence the development of atherosclerosis and CVD. For instance, low birth weight and faster growth early in infancy have a detrimental effect on vascular structure and function. Childhood obesity, a key independent risk factor for CVD, also adversely affects early vascular health. Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and greater arterial stiffness from as early as the first decade of life, while weight loss is beneficial. This effect on vascular function is probably mediated in part by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity or by the production by adipose tissue of cytokine-like molecules, collectively termed adipokines. A high leptin concentration, in particular, is found in obese individuals and is strongly associated with vascular changes related to early atherosclerosis. The present review focuses on the early origins of endothelial dysfunction, emphasising the role of obesity. It also considers the mechanisms by which obesity impairs endothelial function, understanding of which will be important to further scientific knowledge and to improve public health.

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Section: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVD

Singhal¹

2005

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…Toutefois, la cholestérolémie était sensiblement plus élevée chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Complétant cette première étude, les auteurs ont ensuite examiné l'impact sur l'athérogénèse du babouin adolescent du lait maternel à 30 mg/dl vs. formule à 1 mg/dl suivi d'un régime athérogène à 1,7 mg/kcal (Lewis et al, 1988). Au sevrage, indistinctement du sexe, le rapport LDL+VLDL/HDLcholestérol était supérieur pour les babouins « formule », puis ce rapport s'inversait rapidement et restait constamment plus élevé pour les singes initialement allaités, y compris pendant l'enfance, ce qui contredit les résultats de l'expérience précé-dente (Mott et al, 1982).…”

Section: Les éTudes Chez L'animal Sur Le Rôle D'une Exposition Précocunclassified

“…Au sevrage, indistinctement du sexe, le rapport LDL+VLDL/HDLcholestérol était supérieur pour les babouins « formule », puis ce rapport s'inversait rapidement et restait constamment plus élevé pour les singes initialement allaités, y compris pendant l'enfance, ce qui contredit les résultats de l'expérience précé-dente (Mott et al, 1982). À 5,4 ans, le % d'athérosclérose était même supérieur pour les babouins allaités comparativement à ceux ayant reçu la formule (Lewis et al, 1988). La dernière étude finissant cette série reprenait un protocole semblable, comparant des singes allaités (22 mg/dl cholestérol) vs. formules à 2, 30, 60 mg/dl de cholestérol (Mott et al, 1990) des deux sexes, suivi d'un régime post-sevrage athérogène à 1 mg/kcal cholestérol mais administré jusqu'à l'âge adulte (7−8 ans).…”

Section: Les éTudes Chez L'animal Sur Le Rôle D'une Exposition Précocunclassified

“…En revanche, ces résultats au niveau des paramètres du métabolisme du cholestérol ne se traduisaient pas au niveau de la cholestérolémie ni même de l'athérogénicité qui n'étaient pas différentes entre les groupes. Là encore, ce résultat ne reproduisait pas ceux obtenus chez le babouin adolescent (Lewis et al, 1988).…”

Section: Les éTudes Chez L'animal Sur Le Rôle D'une Exposition Précocunclassified

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Exposition précoce au cholestérol et risque cardiovasculaire à l’âge adulte

Martin

Aidoud²

2015

OCL

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Reçu le 28 novembre 2014 -Accepté le 16 décembre 2014Résumé -Le lait maternel apporte au nourrisson l'équivalent de 5 à 10 fois la quantité de cholestérol de celle d'un adulte. En comparaison, les laits infantiles historiquement fabriqués à base de graisses laitières apportaient également du cholestérol au nourrisson mais en quantité moindre en raison d'une dilution avec les graisses végétales utilisées pour ajuster les apports. Ce contraste lait maternel/laits infantiles s'est encore creusé depuis une vingtaine d'années en raison d'un usage maintenant quasi-systématique des matières grasses végétales dans les formules commercialisées en Europe. Des études épidémiologiques suffisamment nombreuses comparant l'allaitement à l'alimentation aux formules soulignent un risque de maladie cardiovasculaire à l'âge adulte supérieur chez les enfants initialement alimentés aux formules. Des études animales, bien qu'incomplètes, suggèrent qu'il existe une programmation précoce du métabolisme du cholestérol liée à la nature des apports initiaux en ce stérol. Cette programmation est susceptible de retentir à long terme sur la cholestérolémie et le risque cardiovasculaire. Le point sur les données disponibles est livré dans cette revue, ainsi que les moyens possibles à mettre en oeuvre pour répondre à la question de l'importance des apports en cholestérol en période néonatale. Mots clés :Cholestérol / formules / lait maternel / risque cardio-vasculaire / programmation Abstract -Early exposure to cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Breast milk provides 5 to 10 times the amount of cholesterol of that of an equivalent adult. In comparison, infant formulas historically made from milk fat also brought up cholesterol to infants but in smaller quantities due to dilution with vegetable fats used to adjust intakes. This contrast breast milk/infant formula has widened over the last twenty years due to a now almost systematic use of vegetable fats in formulas marketed in Europe. Epidemiological studies comparing breastfeeding to food formulas are now sufficiently numerous to point a risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood higher in infant initially fed formulas. Animal studies, although incomplete, suggest an early programming of cholesterol metabolism related to the nature of the initial intake in that sterol. This programming is likely to sound long-term cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. Update on available data are given in this review, as well as possible ways to implement to answer the question of the importance of cholesterol intake in the neonatal period.

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“…For example, it was found that rats raised in small litters, and therefore overfed early in postnatal life, develop greater body size as adults (McCance, 1962). Subsequently, Hahn (1984) has shown that rats overfed in the brief suckling period have higher plasma insulin and cholesterol concentrations, while Lewis and Mott (Lewis et al 1986(Lewis et al , 1988 have shown that early nutrition in baboons has a major impact on later obesity (Lewis et al 1988) and atherosclerosis (Lewis et al 1986). There is now overwhelming evidence that early nutrition in a variety of animal species, including primates, can influence later CVD, including all components of the metabolic syndrome, learning and behaviour, intermediary metabolism, gut function, bone health, immunity and longevity (Smart, 1986;Dobbing & Sands, 1971;Desai et al 1995;Hales et al 1996;Symonds & Gardner, 2006).…”

Section: Earnest: Early Nutrition Programming Project: European Unionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research

Fewtrell¹

2007

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.

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Deferred effects of preweaning diet on atherosclerosis in adolescent baboons.

Cited by 53 publications

References 30 publications

Endothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVD

Endothelial dysfunction: role in obesity-related disorders and the early origins of CVD

Exposition précoce au cholestérol et risque cardiovasculaire à l’âge adulte

Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research

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