Defensive localism in white and black: a comparative history of European-American and African-American youth gangs

Adamson, Christopher

doi:10.1080/014198700329051

Cited by 61 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Their Chicago research revealed a considerable amount of inter-gang, inter-racial violence in the Bridgeport neighborhood, also confirmed in Adamson's (2000) research. This neighborhood was in the cross-hairs of racial change and that change was met with resistance.…”

Section: A Structural Foundation For Understanding Gang Formationmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Factors of equal importance that take on a "local flavor" include how a gang forms, contextual/micro-factors such as threat and contagion (Decker 1996), conflict, fear, defensive reaction formation (Alonso 2004), aleatory risk (Strodtbeck and Short 1964), and defensive localism (Adamson 2000), which all played instrumental roles in how gangs form in cities. More importantly, as the dynamics of a city change and as things move away from "the norm," threatened groups react and adapt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a review of European-and African-American gang histories, Adamson (2000) argued that structural factors (e.g., government policies, housing and segregation, and labor) were integral components to understanding the nature of gangs since the late eighteenth century. But he also noted that "defensive localism" was the mechanism behind much of the gangs' conflicts; gangs often fought to protect territory, and ethnic gangs would band together if a common enemy was present.…”

Section: A Structural Foundation For Understanding Gang Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA

Decker

Gemert²,

Pyrooz

2009

Int. Migration & Integration

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The history of gangs is intertwined with migration. In America, a number of classic studies have reported on the possible causal link between immigration, socioeconomic position, social disorganization, and gang formation. More recently in Europe, the impact of migration on gangs reflects a complex mix of factors that also includes cultural and media influences. In addition, there are other contextual factors such as immigration and population movement that have received less attention, yet condition the relationship between structural factors and the formation of gangs. Processes such as immigration, migration, and resettlement have had an important impact on the transmission of gangs on an international, national, and local scale, often enhanced by the impact of immigration. This article examines the relationship between immigration, culture, and gangs and contrasts European and US research.Résumé L'histoire des gangs est entrelacée avec celle de la migration. En Amérique, plusieurs études classiques ont fait état d'un lien causal possible entre l'immigration, la position socio-économique, la désorganisation sociale et la formation de gangs. Plus récemment en Europe, l'impact de la migration sur les gangs reflète un mélange de facteurs, y compris des influences culturelles et médiatiques. De plus, certains facteurs contextuels comme l'immigration et les mouvements de population, qui ont moins fait l'objet d'étude, conditionnent néanmoins le rapport entre des facteurs structurels et la formation de gangs. Des processus comme l'immigration, la migration et le rétablissement ont eu un impact important sur la transmission des gangs à l'échelle internationale, nationale et locale. Cet article étudie le rapport entre l'immigration, la culture et les gangs, et dresse une comparaison entre la recherche européenne et la recherche américaine.

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Section: A Structural Foundation For Understanding Gang Formationmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Structural Foundation For Understanding Gang Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA

Decker

Gemert²,

Pyrooz

2009

Int. Migration & Integration

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“…The race or ethnicity of gang members in each site was consistent with the youth demographics of the city; the modal gang member in Philadelphia was Black (50 percent), and the modal gang member in Phoenix was Latino (68 percent). The origins of Black and Latino gangs share some similarities (e.g., discrimination and marginalization), but they also differ in important ways (e.g., intergenerational, political activism, and cultural orientations), which has implications for the findings of this study (Adamson, 2000;Skarbek, 2014;Vigil, 2002;Zatz, 1987). There are good reasons to anticipate that this study's findings, that is, the factors we have described as endogenous to incarceration, may be more robust in Phoenix than in Philadelphia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Consequences of Incarceration for Gang Membership: A Longitudinal Study of Serious Offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix*

2017

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Gang members are overrepresented among incarcerated populations in the United States. The link between incarceration and gang membership is beyond dispute, but serious questions remain about the causal mechanisms underlying this relationship. In this study, we develop and test theoretical models—origination, manifestation, and intensification—that focus on whether gang membership is exogenous or endogenous to incarceration. We used 7 years of monthly life calendar data nested within an 11‐wave longitudinal study of 1,336 serious offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix to examine the effects of incarceration on gang membership. Multilevel models indicated that offenders were more likely to be in gangs while incarcerated in jail and prison settings than when not, although longer spells of incarceration corresponded with prolonged gang membership only in Phoenix. Incarceration in juvenile facilities maintained adverse between‐ and within‐individual effects on gang membership only in Phoenix. Additional descriptive findings revealed that gang status was durable to transitions into and out of incarcerated settings, and that more offenders exited than entered gangs while incarcerated. We situate these findings within our theoretical models and the body of knowledge on incarceration, concluding with a call for future research that is focused on the symbiosis between gangs in street and incarcerated settings.

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“…В книге представлен широкий обзор таких работ (см. например Adamson 2000;Gambetta 1993). Однако каждая из девяти глав этой книги постепенно разворачивает соци-альный мир бандитского сообщества в его многомерности и мультифункциональ-ности.…”

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Svetlana Stephenson. Gangs of Russia: From the Streets to the Corridors of Power. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.

Sakaeva¹

2017

LRRSR

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Се-нюкова, 13, офис 112, Ухта, 169300, Россия. eu.sakaeva@gmail.com. Книга Светланы Стивенсон «Банды России: С улиц в коридоры власти» вышла в период попыток современного российского общества определить свою идентич-ность через отчаянную переоценку прошлого. Успевшее стать историей первое постсоветское десятилетие пока пользуется куда меньшим вниманием исследова-телей, чем советское прошлое. Общество также не спешит переосмыслить этот период, зачастую ограничиваясь понятным и привычным диагнозом «лихие девя-ностые». Современники охотно восприняли новую версию истории страны с цен-тральной идеологемой государственной пропаганды о восстановлении велико-державной России -наследнице Советской империи. Светлана Стивенсон напоминает о том, что сегодняшняя Россия -это не преемница Советского Союза. Вызывающее ностальгию советское прошлое и период, когда страна «встала с ко-лен», разделены десятилетием тотального коллапса. Книга «Банды России» за-ставляет читателя вспомнить о том времени, когда российские города боролись не за право проведения Олимпиады, Универсиады или саммита БРИК, а вступали на тропу войны за звание криминальной столицы страны.В книге представлен всесторонний анализ бандитизма в Татарстане и «казан-ского феномена», оказавшегося, по справедливому замечанию журналиста Юрия Щекочихина, «наиболее изученной моделью явления», с которым столкнулось об-щество эпохи перестройки и гласности (Агеева 1991:13). Бандитский образ Каза-ни начал формироваться в советское время не без активного участия журналистов и ученых (Агеева 1991). На сегодняшний день публикации о «казанском феноме-не» могли бы составить целую библиотеку (Гуров 1990;Салагаев и Позднякова 2005;Сафаров 2012;Salagaev 2001). Главное достоинство этого исследования за-ключается не столько в опровержении исключительности казанского случая, сколько в переоценке стандартных представлений о мире постсоветской органи-зованной преступности.С одной стороны, банды принято рассматривать как тотальное зло -они нане-сли колоссальный ущерб развитию России. С другой стороны, согласно получив-шей широкое признание концепции силового предпринимательства (Волков 2005), банды выполняли остро необходимые функции регулирования насилия и обеспечения порядка, когда слабое государство в силу разных причин утратило способность гарантировать законность и защищать права собственности. Стивен-

show abstract

Defensive localism in white and black: a comparative history of European-American and African-American youth gangs

Cited by 61 publications

References 27 publications

Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA

Gangs, Migration, and Crime: The Changing Landscape in Europe and the USA

Consequences of Incarceration for Gang Membership: A Longitudinal Study of Serious Offenders in Philadelphia and Phoenix*

Svetlana Stephenson. Gangs of Russia: From the Streets to the Corridors of Power. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.

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