Defense system by mesenchyme cells in bipinnaria larvae of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera

Furukawa, Ryo; Takahashi, Yuko; Nakajima, Yoko; Dan-Sohkawa, Marina; Kaneko, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2008.08.011

Cited by 29 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…On the other hand, the sea star embryonic mesoderm generates blastocoelar cell types similar to those descendent from oral NSM of sea urchins. In both species these cells, as noted earlier, have immune functions in the larva (Hibino et al, 2006; Furukawa et al, 2009). Furthermore, the sea star embryonic mesoderm regulatory state resembles that of the oral NSM of sea urchins, including transcripts of gataC, etsl/2, hex , and erg .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…About one-third of the NSM cells, located in a V-shaped sector directly beneath the oral ectoderm, give rise upon gastrulation to a particular mesenchymal cell type known as blastocoelar cells (Ruffins and Ettensohn, 1996). Following gastrulation, the blastocoelar cells differentiate into several kinds of functional immune cells of the embryo/larva (Rast et al, 2006; Hibino et al, 2006; Furukawa et al, 2009). However, the blastocoelar cell regulatory state originates prior to gastrulation when oral NSM cells commence to express exclusively specific transcription factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversification of oral and aboral mesodermal regulatory states in pregastrular sea urchin embryos

Materna

Ransick

et al. 2013

Developmental Biology

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Summary Specification of the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) in sea urchin embryos depends on Delta signaling. Signal reception leads to expression of regulatory genes that later contribute to the aboral NSM regulatory state. In oral NSM, this is replaced by a distinct oral regulatory state in consequence of Nodal signaling. Through regulome wide analysis we identify the homeobox gene not as an immediate Nodal target. not expression in NSM causes extinction of the aboral regulatory state in the oral NSM, and expression of a new suite of regulatory genes. All NSM specific regulatory genes are henceforth expressed exclusively, in oral or aboral domains, presaging the mesodermal cell types that will emerge. We have analyzed the regulatory linkages within the aboral NSM gene regulatory network. A linchpin of this network is gataE which as we show is a direct Gcm target and part of a feedback loop locking down the aboral regulatory state.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversification of oral and aboral mesodermal regulatory states in pregastrular sea urchin embryos

Materna

Ransick

et al. 2013

Developmental Biology

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“…Foreign substances have been shown to induce phagocytosis in another sea cucumber species [46], as well as in the sea urchin [18, 47, 48] and the starfish larva [49] and adult [50]. Our results show that in H. glaberrima , other PAMPs (gram-positive bacteria and dsRNA) also activated the immune system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Changes in holothurian coelomocyte populations following immune stimulation with different molecular patterns

Ramírez-Gómez

Aponte-Rivera

Méndez-Castaner

et al. 2010

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Echinoderms possess a variety of cells populating the coelomic fluid; these cells are responsible for mounting defense against foreign agents. In the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima, four different coelomocyte types were readily distinguished using morphological, histochemical and physiological (phagocytic activity) parameters: lymphocytes, phagocytes, spherulocytes and “giant” cells (listed in order of abundance). Monoclonal antibodies generated against sea cucumber tissues and one polyclonal against sea urchin mayor yolk protein (MYP) were also used to characterize these cell populations. The effects of several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): Lipopolysaccharides from E. coli (LPS), heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and a synthetic dsRNA were studied on coelomocyte cell populations. PAMPs increased the phagocytic activity of the holothurian coelomocytes, and were able to induce selective immune responses in several of these populations, demonstrating the ability of the sea cucumber to respond to a different variety of immune challenges. Overall, these results show the variety of cells that populate the coelomic fluid of the holothurian and demonstrate their involvement in immune reactions. These animals represent an untapped resource for new findings into the evolution and development of the immune response not only in invertebrates but also in phylogenetically shared reactions with vertebrates.

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“…There is a growing consensus of opinion that the mesenchymal cells of echinoderm larvae (blastocoelar and pigment cells in sea urchins) have immune cell functionalities (Smith, 2005; Furukawa et al, 2009). We are therefore intrigued that the critical element that mediates Six1 interactions with the late module overlaps an NFκB consensus site match.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cis-regulatory logic driving glial cells missing: Self-sustaining circuitry in later embryogenesis

Ransick

Davidson

2012

Developmental Biology

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The glial cells missing (gcm) regulatory gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is first expressed in veg2 daughter cells as the genomic target of late cleavage stage Delta-Notch signaling from the skeletogenic mesoderm precursors. Gcm is required in veg2 progeny during late cleavages for the early phase of pigment cell precursor specification. Here we report on a later acting cis-regulatory module that assumes control of gcm expression by the early mesenchyme blastula stage and maintains it through pigment cell differentiation and dispersal. Cis-perturbation analyses reveal that the two critical elements within this late module are consensus matches to Gcm and Six1 binding sites. Significantly, six1 mRNA localizes to gcm+ cells from the mesenchyme blastula stage onwards. Trans-perturbations with anti-sense morpholinos reveal a co-dependency between six1 and gcm. Six1 mRNA levels fall sharply after Gcm is depleted, while depleting Six1 leads to significant reductions in output of endogenous gcm or modular-reporters. These results support the conclusion gcm and six1 comprise a positive intergenic feedback loop in the mesodermal GRN. This often employed cross regulatory GRN feature here ensures self-sustaining gcm output in a cohort of fully specified pigment cell precursors at a relatively early developmental stage.

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Defense system by mesenchyme cells in bipinnaria larvae of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Diversification of oral and aboral mesodermal regulatory states in pregastrular sea urchin embryos

Diversification of oral and aboral mesodermal regulatory states in pregastrular sea urchin embryos

Changes in holothurian coelomocyte populations following immune stimulation with different molecular patterns

Cis-regulatory logic driving glial cells missing: Self-sustaining circuitry in later embryogenesis

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