Defense pattern of Chinese cork oak across latitudinal gradients: influences of ontogeny, herbivory, climate and soil nutrients

Wang, Xiaofei; Liu, Jianfeng; Gao, Wenqiang; Deng, Yun-Peng; Ni, Yanyan; Xiao, Yihua; Wang, Qi; Lei, Jing-Pin; Jiang, Zeping

doi:10.1038/srep27269

Cited by 35 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…There is little consensus from other systems on how latitudinal gradients in defense vary within and between species in a single clade. In the oak genus Quercus, plant defenses increase towards lower latitudes across 56 oak species (Pearse and Hipp 2012), and within Quercus variabilis (Wang et al 2016). This pattern supports the predictions that latitudinal defense patterns are similar within and between species.…”

Section: Within and Between Speciessupporting

confidence: 77%

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Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale

et al. 2018

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Plant defenses against herbivores are predicted to evolve to be greater in warmer climates, such as lower latitudes where herbivore pressure is also thought to be higher. Instead, recent findings are often inconsistent with this expectation, suggesting alternative hypotheses are needed. We tested for latitudinal gradients in plant defense evolution at the macroevolutionary scale by characterizing plant chemical defenses across 80 species of the evening primroses, spanning both North and South America. We quantified phenolics in leaves, flowers, and fruits, using advanced analytical chemistry techniques. Dominant individual ellagitannin compounds, total concentrations of ellagitannins, flavonoids, total phenolics, and compound diversity were quantified. Variation in these compounds was predicted with latitude, temperature, precipitation, and continent using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) multiple regression models. Latitude did not strongly explain variation in chemical defenses. Instead, fruit total ellagitannins, oenothein A, and total phenolics were greater in species inhabiting regions with colder climates. Using analytical chemistry and 80 species in two continents, we show that contrary to classic predictions, concentrations of secondary metabolites are not greater at lower latitudes or in warmer regions. We propose higher herbivore pressure in colder climates and gradients in resource availability as potential drivers of the observed patterns in Oenothera.

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Section: Within and Between Speciessupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In the oak genus Quercus , plant defenses increase towards lower latitudes across 56 oak species (Pearse and Hipp ), and within Quercus variabilis (Wang et al. ). This pattern supports the predictions that latitudinal defense patterns are similar within and between species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale

et al. 2018

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“…In Quercus robur, phenolic concentration in leaves increases toward higher elevations with a decrease in leaf damage in comparison with organism at same species that grow in lower altitude [43] that suggest that temperate oak forest is less susceptible to insect damage that tropical forest. In the same way, Quercus variabilis total phenolic and total condensed tannin concentration decreases to higher elevation and is more concentrated in juvenile individuals [63]. In a temperate deciduous forest at Powdermill Nature Reserve, the leaf damage caused by herbivores and in majority of individual had a low rate than 2% that can be due to low herbivore densities and poor degrees of specialization thereof [64].…”

Section: Pure and Applied Biogeographymentioning

confidence: 93%

Plant Antiherbivore Defense in Diverse Environments

Morquecho-Contreras¹,

Zepeda-Gómez²,

HermiloSánchez-Sánchez³

2018

Pure and Applied Biogeography

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Herbivores can damage plant productivity and fitness; plants have improved defensive traits, such as chemical defenses. Plant species produce specific defensive traits in response of diverse risk factor generated by herbivores. In this chapter, we analyze and compare the defensive traits used by plants in different habitats: aquatic ecosystems, temperate forest, and rainforest. In aquatic environments, the number of herbivores is scarce, and plants develop biomass and restrict defensive compound production. At the terrestrial environment, plants need to accumulate defensive traits for an eventual attack. But the number and quantity of those traits depend on biotic and abiotic factors. In temperate forest, plants have a low growth, and herbivore diversity is low, because there are a few number of defensive traits but in great quantity to guarantee plant survival. In contrast, at tropical forest there is a great herbivore diversity, and plants have a quick growth; thus they develop a great variety of defensive traits. There are substantial differences in plant defensive strategies at different environments. Usually, the aquatic plants use water-soluble and diffusible compounds; plants in rainforest use a plethora of chemical defenses, and in temperate forest, plants utilize physical barriers, resins, and terpenes.

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“…In the present study, although both the east and the south populations had abundant hydrothermal conditions compared to the middle, they showed a scarcity of regenerating individuals (particularly in the east). A possible explanation for this scarcity may be the high pressure of herbivores; for example, Wang et al (2016) revealed that Chinese cork oak in low-latitude areas (with abundant hydrothermal conditions) present a higher herbivore pressure. Many studies have indicated that the regeneration of woody species could be affected by the herbivory pressure (Hanley and Sykes 2009, Herrero et al 2012).…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Factors On Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population structure and regeneration dynamics ofQuercus variabilisalong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients

Gao

Xue

et al. 2017

Ecosphere

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Population structure and regeneration dynamics of Quercus variabilis along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients.Ecosphere 8(4):e01737. 10.1002/ecs2.1737Abstract. The upcoming climatic variability is expected to influence the population dynamics of tree species, but few empirical studies have been performed over broad geographical scales, which may be more convincing to address tree range shift under climate change. In the present study, the population structure and regeneration dynamics of Quercus variabilis were investigated along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients over its full range in China. The size structure, density, mortality rate (b), conversion rate (CR), initial recruitment (y 0 ), and survival from birth to the highest class of regeneration (survival rate [SR]) were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The population structure of Q. variabilis exhibited an inverse-J shape throughout the latitudinal gradient, and the relative seedling density was significantly higher in the middle populations than in the north and the south. In addition, the y 0 and SR exhibited the highest values in the middle, but no significant differences in the density and total basal area of adults were found across latitudes. (2) Along the longitudinal gradient, an inverse-J-type population structure was present in the west populations, but was not observed in the east due to the scarcity of individuals in regenerated populations. The total basal area and density of adults were similar across longitudes, but both the seedling density and the relative seedling density, along with the y 0 and SR, were higher in the middle than in the east and the west. The b of adults was lower in the middle-longitude populations than in the west and the east. (3) Climate (annual average temperature) was identified as the primary factor affecting regeneration. In addition, local factors, including the soil and stand conditions, were also found to play a significant role in determining the regeneration dynamics. Based on these results, we speculate that populations of Q. variabilis at the range edges would decline in the context of climate change, particularly in the south and the east.

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Defense pattern of Chinese cork oak across latitudinal gradients: influences of ontogeny, herbivory, climate and soil nutrients

Cited by 35 publications

References 80 publications

Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale

Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale

Plant Antiherbivore Defense in Diverse Environments

Population structure and regeneration dynamics ofQuercus variabilisalong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients

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