Defense in the Aeolidoidean Genus Phyllodesmium (Gastropoda)

Bogdanov, Alexander; Kehraus, Stefan; Bleidißel, Sabrina; Preisfeld, Gela; Schillo, Dorothee; Piel, Jörn; Brachmann, Alexander O.; Wägele, Heike; König, Gabriele M.

doi:10.1007/s10886-014-0496-z

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…; Bogdanov et al. ). Thus, although nematocyst sequestration may be an important defense mechanism across most of Aeolidida, it is not present in all species in this group and appears to have been lost at least once.…”

Section: Nematocyst Sequestration In Four Metazoan Lineagesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sequestration of nematocysts by divergent cnidarian predators: mechanism, function, and evolution

Goodheart

Bely

2016

Invertebrate Biology

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Animals have evolved diverse mechanisms to protect themselves from predators. Although such defenses are typically generated endogenously, some species have evolved the ability to acquire defenses by sequestering defensive chemicals or structures from other species. Chemical sequestration is widespread among animals, but the ability to sequester entire structures, such as organelles, appears to be rare. Here, we review information on the seques-tration of functional nematocysts, the stinging organelles produced by Cnidaria, by divergent predators. Nematocyst sequestration has evolved multiple times, having been documented in Ctenophora, Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. For each of these phyla, we review the phylogenetic distribution, mechanisms, and possible functions of nematocyst sequestration. We estimate that nematocyst sequestration has evolved 9-17 times across these four phyla. Although data on the mechanism of sequestration remain limited, similarities across several groups are evident. For example, in multiple groups, nematocysts are transported within cells from the gut to peripheral tissues, and certain types of nematocysts are selectively sequestered over others, suggesting convergent evolution in some aspects of the sequestration process across phyla. Similarly, although the function of nematocyst sequestra-tion has not been well documented, several studies do suggest that the nematocysts seques-tered by these groups are effective for defense. We highlight several traits that are common to Ctenophora, Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca and suggest hypotheses for how these traits could have played a role in the evolution of nematocyst sequestration. Finally, we propose a generalized working model for the steps that may lead to the evolution of nemato-cyst sequestration and discuss important areas for future research.

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Section: Nematocyst Sequestration In Four Metazoan Lineagesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sequestration of nematocysts by divergent cnidarian predators: mechanism, function, and evolution

Goodheart

Bely

2016

Invertebrate Biology

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“…To reach this, chemical defense medated by natural products plays a major role. It was already shown that the slugs incorporate and enrich bioactive metabolites from their food source (Bogdanov et al, 2014, 2016). However, it has to be kept in mind that compounds present in the food source may be rather produced by associated microorganisms, e.g., bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Associated with Marine Sea Slugs from North Sulawesi, Indonesia

et al. 2017

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Nudibranchia, marine soft-bodied organisms, developed, due to the absence of a protective shell, different strategies to protect themselves against putative predators and fouling organisms. One strategy is to use chemical weapons to distract predators, as well as pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, these gastropods take advantage of the incorporation of chemical molecules. Thereby the original source of these natural products varies; it might be the food source, de novo synthesis from the sea slug, or biosynthesis by associated bacteria. These bioactive molecules applied by the slugs can become important drug leads for future medicinal drugs. To test the potential of the associated bacteria, the latter were isolated from their hosts, brought into culture and extracts were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activities. From 49 isolated bacterial strains 35 showed antibiotic activity. The most promising extracts were chosen for further testing against relevant pathogens. In that way three strains showing activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and one strain with activity against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, respectively, were identified. The obtained results indicate that the sea slug associated microbiome is a promising source for bacterial strains, which hold the potential for the biotechnological production of antibiotics.

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“…The extraction procedure was analogous as described in [11]. The ethanolic storage solution was combined with the MeOH extract (3 × 150 mL) of the slug biomass and the solvents were evaporated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia)

Bogdanov¹,

Hertzer²,

Kehraus³

et al. 2017

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

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Phyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date, and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry. Herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species, i.e., steroids 1–4, cembranoid diterpenes 5–13, complex biscembranoids 14 and 15, and the chatancin-type diterpenes 16–19. These compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton, of which to date, however, only S. trocheliophorum is described as a food source for P. longicirrum. Fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish Canthigaster solandri, and showed activity for (2S)-isosarcophytoxide (10), cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4-oxochatancin (16). Determining the metabolome of P. longicirrum and its bioactivity, makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal.

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Defense in the Aeolidoidean Genus Phyllodesmium (Gastropoda)

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

Sequestration of nematocysts by divergent cnidarian predators: mechanism, function, and evolution

Sequestration of nematocysts by divergent cnidarian predators: mechanism, function, and evolution

Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Associated with Marine Sea Slugs from North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Secondary metabolome and its defensive role in the aeolidoidean Phyllodesmium longicirrum, (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Nudibranchia)

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