Defective-interfering particles of murine coronavirus: Mechanism of synthesis of defective viral RNAs

Makino, Shinji; Shieh, Chien Kou; Keck, James; Lai, Michael M. C.

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90237-1

Cited by 60 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…In general, DI RNAs contain the entire 5 0 -and 3 0 -untranslated genome regions and, in most cases, also small parts of neighboring (or internal) coding regions (Lin and Lai, 1993). Coronavirus DI RNAs were first reported and most extensively studied for the betacoronaviruses MHV and BCoV (Chang et al, 1994;de Groot et al, 1992;Hofmann et al, 1990;Luytjes et al, 1996;Makino et al, 1984Makino et al, , 1985Makino et al, , 1988a. Subsequently, DI RNAs were also identified and characterized in alpha-and gammacoronaviruses (Izeta et al, 1999;Mendez et al, 1996;Penzes et al, 1994Penzes et al, , 1996.…”

Section: Coronavirus Cis-acting Rna Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements

Madhugiri

Fricke

Marz

et al. 2016

Advances in Virus Research

101

111

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Coronaviruses have exceptionally large RNA genomes of approximately 30 kilobases. Genome replication and transcription is mediated by a multisubunit protein complex comprised of more than a dozen virus-encoded proteins. The protein complex is thought to bind specific cis-acting RNA elements primarily located in the 5'- and 3'-terminal genome regions and upstream of the open reading frames located in the 3'-proximal one-third of the genome. Here, we review our current understanding of coronavirus cis-acting RNA elements, focusing on elements required for genome replication and packaging. Recent bioinformatic, biochemical, and genetic studies suggest a previously unknown level of conservation of cis-acting RNA structures among different coronavirus genera and, in some cases, even beyond genus boundaries. Also, there is increasing evidence to suggest that individual cis-acting elements may be part of higher-order RNA structures involving long-range and dynamic RNA-RNA interactions between RNA structural elements separated by thousands of nucleotides in the viral genome. We discuss the structural and functional features of these cis-acting RNA elements and their specific functions in coronavirus RNA synthesis.

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Section: Coronavirus Cis-acting Rna Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements

Madhugiri

Fricke

Marz

et al. 2016

Advances in Virus Research

101

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In some cases, they also contain noncontiguous sequences derived from internal genome regions. Coronavirus DI RNAs were first described for the betacoronaviruses MHV and BCoV (Chang et al, 1994;de Groot et al, 1992;Hofmann et al, 1990;Luytjes et al, 1996;Makino et al, 1985Makino et al, , 1988aMakino et al, , 1988bMakino et al, , 1984. Subsequently, these studies were extended to alpha-and gammacoronaviruses (Izeta et al, 1999;Mendez et al, 1996;Penzes et al, 1994Penzes et al, , 1996.…”

Section: Identification and Delineation Of Coronavirus Cis-acting Elementioning

confidence: 99%

RNA structure analysis of alphacoronavirus terminal genome regions

et al. 2014

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Coronavirus genome replication is mediated by a multi-subunit protein complex that is comprised of more than a dozen virally encoded and several cellular proteins. Interactions of the viral replicase complex with cis-acting RNA elements located in the 5' and 3'-terminal genome regions ensure the specific replication of viral RNA. Over the past years, boundaries and structures of cis-acting RNA elements required for coronavirus genome replication have been extensively characterized in betacoronaviruses and, to a lesser extent, other coronavirus genera. Here, we review our current understanding of coronavirus cis-acting elements located in the terminal genome regions and use a combination of bioinformatic and RNA structure probing studies to identify and characterize putative cis-acting RNA elements in alphacoronaviruses. The study suggests significant RNA structure conservation among members of the genus Alphacoronavirus but also across genus boundaries. Overall, the conservation pattern identified for 5' and 3'-terminal RNA structural elements in the genomes of alpha- and betacoronaviruses is in agreement with the widely used replicase polyprotein-based classification of the Coronavirinae, suggesting co-evolution of the coronavirus replication machinery with cognate cis-acting RNA elements.

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“…To serve as a control, half of the concentrated SB culture supernatant (5 ml) was spread on a 60-mm-diameter plate and placed under a germicidal UV lamp at a distance of 50 cm for 2 to 5 min to inactivate the virus (26). The untreated or UV-irradiated SB supernatant (2.5 ml) was then added, together with 2.5 ml of fresh EBV preparation, to 10 7 PBMCs.…”

Section: Cell Culture and Virus Infection (I) Establishment Of Sb Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of B-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines Persistently Infected with Hepatitis C Virus In Vivo and In Vitro: the Apoptotic Effects of Virus Infection

Sung

Shimodaira²,

Doughty

et al. 2003

J Virol

237

181

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies of HCV replication and pathogenesis have so far been hampered by the lack of an efficient tissue culture system for propagating HCV in vitro. Although HCV is primarily a hepatotropic virus, an increasing body of evidence suggests that HCV also replicates in extrahepatic tissues in natural infection. In this study, we established a B-cell line (SB) from an HCV-infected non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. HCV RNA and proteins were detectable by RNase protection assay and immunoblotting. The cell line continuously produces infectious HCV virions in culture. The virus particles produced from the culture had a buoyant density of 1.13 to 1.15 g/ml in sucrose and could infect primary human hepatocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been the major etiological agent of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis and currently afflicts Ͼ100 million people worldwide. Acute HCV infection is usually subclinical without obvious symptoms. About 15 to 20% of patients can mount a successful immune response to clear the virus in the acute phase; however, 80 to 85% of patients become chronic carriers, and these patients are at high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma.Besides causing liver pathology, HCV infection is frequently associated with mixed cryoglobulinemia, non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma, and Sjögren's syndrome, all of which involve B-cell proliferation (8, 10, 27, 37, 49; P. Pioltelli, G. Zehender, G. Minti, A. Monteverde, and M. Galli, Letter, Lancet 347:624-625, 1996), suggesting that HCV may infect B cells or affect B-cell functions in natural infection. Negative-strand HCV RNA has been detected by reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR in the peripheral lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and central nervous system of some HCV patients (23,30,34). Analysis of positive-strand HCV RNA sequences and quasispecies patterns suggested that HCV RNAs in these cells are different from those in the serum (22). However, the possibility that HCV replicates in extrahepatic cells remains controversial because of the lack of isolation and characterization of viruses from the infected cells. Further, the use of RT-PCR for detection of viral RNA in these studies could not rigorously rule out possible contamination by the virus from the serum. Several laboratories have also shown that HCV can infect B-cell (30), T-cell (18, 32, 39), and hepatoma cell (14, 41) lines in culture, but the infection is usually transient and inefficient. Nevertheless, these studies suggested that B or T cells could support HCV replication, albeit inefficiently, at least in vitro.The molecular cloning of the HCV genome has made possible the delineation of the gene functions and the potential mechanism of pathogenesis of this virus. Recently, establishment of self-replicating HCV subgenomic (2, 25) and genomic (13, 33) replicons in Huh-7 cells has also provided an important new tool for the study...

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Defective-interfering particles of murine coronavirus: Mechanism of synthesis of defective viral RNAs

Cited by 60 publications

References 21 publications

Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements

Coronavirus cis-Acting RNA Elements

RNA structure analysis of alphacoronavirus terminal genome regions

Establishment of B-Cell Lymphoma Cell Lines Persistently Infected with Hepatitis C Virus In Vivo and In Vitro: the Apoptotic Effects of Virus Infection

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