Defective generation of tetanus-specific antibody-producing B cells after in vivo immunization of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients

Immunogenicity and safety of influenza vaccination in children with inflammatory bowel disease

“…[28][29][30][34][35][36][37] Studies of other vaccines in IBD have shown impaired adaptive immunity to vaccination, including impaired antibody responses to tetanus toxoid booster in adults with IBD, and to oral cholera and S. typhi vaccinations in adults with ulcerative colitis postcolectomy. [38][39][40][41] Impaired immune response to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults with IBD on immunosuppressive therapies has also been reported. 42 Therefore, immune dysregulation inherent to IBD or from immunosuppressive medications or surgical resections altering anatomical exposures to oral vaccines may weaken immune responses to a variety of vaccines in IBD.…”

Immunogenecity of hepatitis A vaccine in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease

“…14,15 The need for an assessment of the effectiveness of vaccines in IBD patients is even greater because of the previously observed failure in response to hepatitis B vaccine in autoimmune disease. 16 A committee formed by the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America in 2004 and by the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization stated that IBD patients would benefit from immunization for vaccine-preventable diseases and recommended the use of inactivated vaccines.…”

Review article: prevention and management of hepatitis B and C infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

“…Inflammatory bowel disease patients who received a booster immunisation with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids produced inadequate levels of antibody titres after vaccination. 84 The response rate to HBV vaccine seems to be quite low, mainly in patients receiving immunosuppressive agents or anti-TNF therapy. 78 For example, in the study by Melmed et al, only 33% (3 ⁄ 9) of the subgroup of patients who were immunised had detectable anti-HBs antibody titres.…”