“…Thus, by inducing GrB 1 CD8 1 T cells, 4BL cells inhibit the growth of poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma cells in old mice, suggesting that, at least in part, 4BL cells may also be responsible for a paradoxical aging-associated reduced growth of some tumors in mice and humans. [27][28][29] Alternatively, these results raise an interesting possibility that 4BL cells may also participate in accumulation of CD8 1 CD28 -T cells in RA, MS, and T1D 17,19,46 that respond to low-threshold stimuli and secrete perforin and GrB. 12,13 As in Old-depleted and Old-restored mice, which lost activated CD8 1 T cells and could not retard tumor growth after 4BL depletion, depletion of B cells also impairs antigen-specific T-cell activation 25 and ameliorates RA, MS, and T1D.…”