Defect Engineering in 2D Materials: Precise Manipulation and Improved Functionalities

Abstract

<jats:p>Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing interests in the last decade. The ultrathin feature of 2D materials makes them promising building blocks for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. With reducing dimensionality from 3D to 2D, the inevitable defects will play more important roles in determining the properties of materials. In order to maximize the functionality of 2D materials, deep understanding and precise manipulation of the defects are indispensable. In the recent years, increasing research efforts have been made on the observation, understanding, manipulation, and control of defects in 2D materials. Here, we summarize the recent research progress of defect engineering on 2D materials. The defect engineering triggered by electron beam (e-beam), plasma, chemical treatment, and so forth is comprehensively reviewed. Firstly, e-beam irradiation-induced defect evolution, structural transformation, and novel structure fabrication are introduced. With the assistance of a high-resolution electron microscope, the dynamics of defect engineering can be visualized <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic>. Subsequently, defect engineering employed to improve the performance of 2D devices by means of other methods of plasma, chemical, and ozone treatments is reviewed. At last, the challenges and opportunities of defect engineering on promoting the development of 2D materials are discussed. Through this review, we aim to build a correlation between defects and properties of 2D materials to support the design and optimization of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices.</jats:p>

Defect Engineering in Manganese‐Based Oxides for Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc‐Ion Batteries: A Review

“…Defect engineering has gradually become a recognized strategy as a mean to modify the electronic properties of the materials. [ 41–43 ] In particular, defect engineering has been widely employed in the modification of manganese‐based oxides for ZIB application, with very motivating improvements in the electrochemical performances of these materials. As shown in Figure 1 , there are various types of defect engineering which have been employed in the design of manganese‐based oxides for ZIB application.…”

Electron Beam Induced Tailoring of Electrical Characteristics of Organic Semiconductor Films

“…The penetration of EB, with energy less than 0.2 MeV, is highly limited and therefore it is not applicable for industrial purposes. Although to modify the characteristics of films or ultra thin materials EB is useful even having energy in tens of keV order [14,[18][19][20]. Energetic EB are generated by machine called electron accelerator which has two main components: one is electron source (or gun) and another is electric field for acceleration.…”

“…In some cases it may be few days or even months. Thermoluminescence and oxidative damage are also occurred in some EB treated organic materials due to trapped ions and trapped radicals recombination respectively [20,65].…”

In Situ Investigation of Dynamic Silver Crystallization Driven by Chemical Reaction and Diffusion

“…X-ray scattering and spectroscopic techniques could detect nuclei at early times but only capture the ensemble evolution of the system [14]. In situ scanning probe microscopy has been successfully applied to the nucleation and growth in many surface-mediated systems due to its ability to image surfaces with high spatial resolution [15,16]. The surface scanning technique has limitations to observe the crystallization process in a solution.…”