Defamiliarization

Abstract

“Defamiliarization” is the most common English translation of the Russian astrane‐niye , the term given by Viktor Shklovsky to describe the essentially estranging purpose and effect of art. The term (sometimes translated as “estrangement”) was first introduced in 1917, in the article “Iskusstvo, kak priyom” (“Art as technique,” or “Art as device”), in the journal Sborniki po teorii poeticheskovo yazyka (Studies in the Theory of Poetic Language). Defamiliarization, which quickly became a key concept for formalist literary criticism, works by making everyday objects unfamiliar and thus recovering for the audience “the sensations of life” (Shklovsky 1965[1917]: 12). Shklovsky, widely viewed as the founder of Russian formalism, identifies defamiliarization as the artistic technique able, in his famous example, “to make the stone stony” (12).

Does infectious fever relieve autistic behavior by releasing glutamine from skeletal muscles as provisional fuel?

“…Fever often relieves autistic behavior, often dramatically, and rarely aggravates [40][41][42][43]62] 2. ASD children often have high blood ammonia [2,3] and loss of executive functions [34,61] 3. Ammonia in the brain induces a ''frontal lobe syndrome'' with loss of executive functions [13]; accumulation of ammonia shifts brain metabolism and blood flow from cortex to subcortex [12] 4.…”

“…Fasting [43,52], panic [53], severe pain [54], and prednisone [43] improve autistic behavior notably -and release or synthesize glutamine [84,85,88] 9. Glutamine supplements help ASD children and adults [55][56][57], as do Mg/B6 [36,80], arginine [90], creatine [101], taurine [116], and a-ketoglutarate [2]. 10.…”

“…High concentrations of ammonia in the blood of children with autistic disorders (ASD) were first detected in the 1980s [2]. Filipek et al found plasma ammonia high in a majority of 100 autistic children [3].…”

“…Ammonia plus alpha-ketoglutarate becomes glutamate.'' [2] a-Ketoglutarate is also a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [10], thus depletion by ammonia reduces brain energy.…”