Deer Sausage: A Newly Identified Vehicle of Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Ahn, Christina K.; Russo, Anthony J.; Howell, Karla R.; Holt, Nicholas J.; Sellenriek, Patricia; Rothbaum, Robert; Beck, Anne Marie; L, Luebbering; Tarr, Phillip I.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.051

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Several EHEC outbreaks have been linked to fermented sausages (2,10,25,27), and also, the Stx phage in this study originates from an outbreak where such a product was the culprit (28,29). The E. coli cells can survive these harsh environments with low water activity, low pH, and high salt content, but no investigation has reported the fate of phages under these conditions.…”

Section: Vol 77 2011mentioning

confidence: 89%

High Stability of Stx2 Phage in Food and under Food-Processing Conditions

Rode

Axelsson

Granum

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Bacteriophages (phages) carrying Shiga toxin genes constitute a major virulence attribute in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Several EHEC outbreaks have been linked to food. The survival of such strains in different foods has received much attention, while the fate of the mobile Shiga toxin-converting phages (Stx phages) has been less studied. We have investigated the stability of an Stx phage in several food products and examined how storage, food processing, and disinfection influence the infectivity of phage particles. The study involved a recombinant Stx phage (⌬stx::cat) of an E. coli O103:H25 strain from a Norwegian outbreak in 2006. Temperature, matrix, and time were factors of major importance for the stability of phage particles. Phages stored at cooling temperatures (4°C) showed a dramatic reduction in stability compared to those stored at room temperature. The importance of the matrix was evident at higher temperatures (60°C). Phages in ground beef were below the detection level when heated to 60°C for more than 10 min, while phages in broth exposed to the same heating conditions showed a 5-log-higher stability. The phages tolerated desiccation poorly but were infective for a substantial period of time in solutions. Under moist conditions, they also had a high ability to tolerate exposure to several disinfectants. In a dry-fermented sausage model, phages were shown to infect E. coli in situ. The results show that Stx phage particles can maintain their infectivity in foods and under food-processing conditions.

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Section: Vol 77 2011mentioning

confidence: 89%

High Stability of Stx2 Phage in Food and under Food-Processing Conditions

Rode

Axelsson

Granum

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Inoculated deer shed EC O157:H7 for >26 days and passed the strain to naive penmates (Fischer et al, 2001). Fermented deer sausage was a vehicle for O157:H7 transmission in Missouri (Ahn et al, 2009). High prevalence of 3.3% (7=212) of EHEC O157:H7 was found in wild boars in Spain with one isolate PFGE-identical to a clinical isolate (Sanchez et al, 2009a).…”

Section: Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coliO157:H7: Animal Reservoir and Sources of Human Infection

Ferens

Hovde

2011

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

479

327

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This review surveys the literature on carriage and transmission of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in the context of virulence factors and sampling=culture technique. EHEC of the O157:H7 serotype are worldwide zoonotic pathogens responsible for the majority of severe cases of human EHEC disease. EHEC O157:H7 strains are carried primarily by healthy cattle and other ruminants, but most of the bovine strains are not transmitted to people, and do not exhibit virulence factors associated with human disease. Prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 is probably underestimated. Carriage of EHEC O157:H7 by individual animals is typically shortlived, but pen and farm prevalence of specific isolates may extend for months or years and some carriers, designated as supershedders, may harbor high intestinal numbers of the pathogen for extended periods. The prevalence of EHEC O157:H7 in cattle peaks in the summer and is higher in postweaned calves and heifers than in younger and older animals. Virulent strains of EHEC O157:H7 are rarely harbored by pigs or chickens, but are found in turkeys. The bacteria rarely occur in wildlife with the exception of deer and are only sporadically carried by domestic animals and synanthropic rodents and birds. EHEC O157:H7 occur in amphibian, fish, and invertebrate carriers, and can colonize plant surfaces and tissues via attachment mechanisms different from those mediating intestinal attachment. Strains of EHEC O157:H7 exhibit high genetic variability but typically a small number of genetic types predominate in groups of cattle and a farm environment. Transmission to people occurs primarily via ingestion of inadequately processed contaminated food or water and less frequently through contact with manure, animals, or infected people.

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“…Healthy cattle and other domestic ruminants are considered natural reservoir hosts of E. coli O157:H7 (Caprioli et al, 2005). However, E. coli O157:H7 strains have also been isolated from wild deer (Dunn et al, 2004;García-Sánchez et al, 2007), and deer have been implicated in the foodborne transmission of E. coli O157:H7 to humans in the United States (Rabatsky-Ehr et al, 2002;Ahn et al, 2009). Further, the occurrence of SF, GUD-positive E. coli O157:H7 strains in the feces of free-ranging deer has been previously reported in the United States (Dunn et al, 2004) and in Spain (García-Sánchez et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorbitol-Fermenting, β-Glucuronidase–Positive, Shiga Toxin–Negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Free-Ranging Red Deer in South-Central Spain

Díaz

Vidal

Herrera-León

et al. 2011

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

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We investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging red deer in south-central Spain, to assess their potential as reservoir hosts of sorbitol-fermenting (SF) E. coli O157:H7 strains, which are emerging causes of hemolytic uremic syndrome in Europe. Fecal samples from 264 hunter-harvested Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus) were collected in 25 different game estates and examined for E. coli O157:H7 by culture and PCR. E. coli O157:H7 was detected and isolated in 4 of the 25 game estates sampled (16%) and the isolates obtained (four in total) were further phenogenotypically characterized. One of them was biochemically typical of E. coli O157:H7, that is, neither fermented sorbitol nor exhibited β-glucuronidase (GUD) activity, and carried genes encoding Shiga toxins (Stx) 1 and 2, the intimin subtype γ1, the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)-hemolysin, and the ter gene cluster. The rest of the isolates (three of four) fermented sorbitol, exhibited GUD activity after 18-24 h incubation, and carried genes encoding the intimin subtype γ1 and the EHEC-hemolysin, although no Stx-encoding genes were detected. All these atypical isolates carried the sfp gene cluster, lacked the ter gene cluster, and were unable to grow on cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, which are typical features of SF E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated from patients. In total, SF, GUD-positive, Stx-negative E. coli O157:H7 strains were isolated in 3 of the 25 game estates sampled (12%), with an overall sample-level prevalence of 1.1% (3/264). Our findings indicate that free-ranging red deer may be one of the possible reservoir hosts of Stx-negative derivatives of SF E. coli O157:H7.

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Deer Sausage: A Newly Identified Vehicle of Transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

High Stability of Stx2 Phage in Food and under Food-Processing Conditions

High Stability of Stx2 Phage in Food and under Food-Processing Conditions

Escherichia coliO157:H7: Animal Reservoir and Sources of Human Infection

Sorbitol-Fermenting, β-Glucuronidase–Positive, Shiga Toxin–Negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Free-Ranging Red Deer in South-Central Spain

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