Deeply colored and black-appearing Roman glass: a continued research

Cagno, Simone; Cosyns, Peter; Izmer, Andrei; Vanhaecke, Frank; Nys, Karin; Janssens, Koen

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.11.003

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Manganese is commonly used in the preparation of purple glass, thus indicating that our black glass is in reality a very dark purple. This observation is supported by previously reported findings on black-appearing Roman glasses [7,44].…”

Section: Black Tesseraesupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Lower concentration species such as impurities in the bulk raw materials, opacifiers, decolorants, and coloring agents are also present; these contribute to the physical characteristics and visual appearance of the glasses [4][5][6]. Additionally, trace element concentrations within sands and glasses can be used to investigate regional variations and artifact provenance [1,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent examples include X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [9][10][11][12], Raman spectroscopy [12,13], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [1], laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [7,14,15], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy [2], scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy [3,7,11,16], X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy [10], particle-induced X-ray/ gamma ray emission [3,10], laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy [17,18], electron microprobe analysis [16,19], and X-ray powder diffraction [16]. Some of these studies were conducted with portable instrumentation, thus permitting on-site and/or in situ analyses of the artifacts [9][10][11][12][13]20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Roman glass tesserae from the Coriglia excavation site (Italy) via energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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The combined use of handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry permitted the characterization of Roman glass tesserae excavation from the Coriglia (Italy) archeological site. Analyses of ten different glass colors were conducted as spot analyses on intact samples and as both spot analyses and line scans on select cross-sectioned samples. The elemental and molecular information gained from these spectral measurements allowed for the qualitative chemical characterization of the bulk glass, decolorants, opacifiers, and coloring agents. The use of an antimony opacifier in many of the samples supports the late Imperial phasing as determined through numismatic, fresco, ceramics, and architectural evidence. And dealinization of the exterior glass layers caused by the burial environment was confirmed.

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Section: Black Tesseraesupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Roman glass tesserae from the Coriglia excavation site (Italy) via energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

et al. 2016

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“…For a more detailed description and interpretation of the reported data, we refer the reader to other papers ( Van der Linden et al, 2009;Cagno et al 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not many analyses of black glass have been published up to now. The earliest analytical results of European black glass are those of a set of European glass beads originating from France and Switzerland (Gratuze, 2009;Cagno et al 2014). The Bronze Age samples in this series are ash-fluxed, while the Iron Age ones are natron-fluxed, (low levels of MgO and K 2 O) and containing low amounts of CaO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition data of a large collection of black-appearing Roman glass

Cagno

Cosyns

linden

et al. 2013

Open J Archaeometry

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Jewels and tableware made of black-appearing glass were popular in the Roman Empire. Compositional changes (due to modifications in glassmaking technology and use of raw materials) over the period considered (1 st -5 th century AD) have been investigated on a large number of samples originating from various archaeological excavations in Europe, Northern Africa and the Near East. In the course of this work, over 400 samples of Roman glass, the greatest part of them deeply coloured glass fragments, were embedded into acrylic resin and mechanically ground and polished in order to obtain flat surfaces of unaltered glass. The samples were analysed with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and the quantification was performed by using a standard-less ZAF software. The trace elements contained in a selection of glass samples were determined via laser ablation-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry. The data collected in this study show that from about 150 AD a change in the black glass production process occurred, involving coloration of raw glass made with iron in the secondary workshops. Furthermore, from the 4 th century AD on we can observe a change in the type of raw glass used, while the colouring process was maintained. The main aim of this paper is to provide glass scholars with the analysis results, as reference and comparison for further studies.

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Black–Appearing Roman Glass

Cagno

Cosyns

Nys

et al. 2013

Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass

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In this chapter we discuss the possibility of using small segments of the whole glass production of a certain age to elucidate the global chronology and the geographical origin of glass in the period of interest. In particular, deeply coloured and black-appearing glass dating to the Roman Age (first century BC-fifth century AD) has been quantitatively analysed in order to extract information that can help our understanding of the organization of glassmaking, trade and glassworking in that era.A large number of archaeological glass fragments from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire has been gathered and analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and laser ablation-inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).The glass samples analysed are macroscopically black, however, when the glass is examined in thin layers, a distinction appears between actual black glass (no hue perceived) and deeply coloured glass (a dark brown/purple/green tint can be seen). Background Roman Glassmaking and Glass MarketGlassblowing, introduced halfway through the first century BC, contributed to turning glass from an expensive material into an affordable commodity. As a consequence the glass market expanded and large amounts of glass were produced in order to satisfy the needs of consumers in Rome and its provinces. In this context it is interesting to explore the dynamics of the two different steps of glass production, namely glassmaking and glassworking.

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Deeply colored and black-appearing Roman glass: a continued research

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of Roman glass tesserae from the Coriglia excavation site (Italy) via energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

Characterization of Roman glass tesserae from the Coriglia excavation site (Italy) via energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

Composition data of a large collection of black-appearing Roman glass

Black–Appearing Roman Glass

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