Deep Sea Water Prevents Balloon Angioplasty-Induced Hyperplasia through MMP-2: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Abstract

Major facts about the development of restenosis include vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration. A previous study showed that in vitro treatment with magnesium chloride has the potential to affect the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Magnesium is the major element in deep sea water (DSW) and is a biologically active mineral. It is unclear whether DSW intake can prevent abnormal proliferation and migration of VSMCs as well as balloon angioplasty-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Thus, we attempted to evaluate the anti-restenotic effects of DSW and its possible molecular mechanisms. Several concentrations of DSW, based on the dietary recommendations (RDA) for magnesium, were applied to a model of balloon angioplasty in SD rats. The results showed that DSW intake markedly increased magnesium content within the vascular wall and reduced the development of neointimal hyperplasia. The immunohistochemical analysis also showed that the expression of proteins associated with cell proliferation and migration were decreased in the balloon angioplasty groups with DSW supplement. Furthermore, in vitro treatment with DSW has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on serum-stimulated proliferation and migration of VSMCs, whose effects might be mediated by modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and of the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Our study suggested that DSW intake can help prevent neointimal hyperplasia (or restenosis), whose effects may be partially regulated by magnesium and other minerals.

Deep sea water improves exercise and inhibits oxidative stress in a physical fatigue mouse model

“…Numerous studies have confirmed that DSW has pharmacological effects, including protecting the cardiovascular system (12,13), improving metabolic processes (14,15), anti-osteoporosis properties (16), treating atopic dermatitis skin lesions (17), accelerating recovery from physical fatigue (18), providing intestinal protection against duodenal ulcers (9) and inhibiting the metastatic potential of human breast cancer cell lines (19 Although DSW has already been studied for its alleviating fatigue effect in Wistar rats, the beneficial effects isolated in that study were only attributed to the minerals of DSW (20). In addition, the mechanism behind the beneficial effect has not yet been fully clarified.…”

Single- and repeated-dose oral toxicity tests of deep sea water mineral extracts in ICR mice

“…DSW moves continually in a cycle throughout the ocean, and accounts for about 90 % of the whole sea volume (Miyamura et al 2004). DSW has been used in therapies for the treatment and prevention of various diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, artherosclerosis, hypertension, and dermatitis (Yoshioka et al 2003;Hataguchi et al 2005;Li et al 2014). Compared with surface sea water, DSW is cleaner and more hygienic, with abundance of minerals including magnesium (Mg (Katsuda et al 2008;Li et al 2014).…”

“…DSW has been used in therapies for the treatment and prevention of various diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, artherosclerosis, hypertension, and dermatitis (Yoshioka et al 2003;Hataguchi et al 2005;Li et al 2014). Compared with surface sea water, DSW is cleaner and more hygienic, with abundance of minerals including magnesium (Mg (Katsuda et al 2008;Li et al 2014). Minerals are essential factors for the health and appropriate development of humans (Ayaz et al 2006).…”

Eye and skin irritation tests using deep sea water-extracted minerals

“…There are a lot of minerals, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), and potassium (K). Many studies have shown that DSW can be effectively used to treat diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension (Sheu et al 2013;Ha et al 2014b;Li et al 2014;Yang et al 2014). Mg supplementation improves myocardial metabolism and inhibits myocardial cell death.…”