Deep ocean temperatures through time

Abstract

Abstract. Benthic oxygen isotope records are commonly used as a proxy for global mean surface temperatures during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, and the resulting estimates have been extensively used in characterizing major trends and transitions in the climate system and for analysing past climate sensitivity. However, some fundamental assumptions governing this proxy have rarely been tested. Two key assumptions are (a) benthic foraminiferal temperatures are geographically well mixed and are linked to surface high-latitude temperatures, and (b) surface high-latitude temperatures are well correlated with global mean temperatures. To investigate the robustness of these assumptions through geological time, we performed a series of 109 climate model simulations using a unique set of paleogeographical reconstructions covering the entire Phanerozoic at the stage level. The simulations have been run for at least 5000 model years to ensure that the deep ocean is in dynamic equilibrium. We find that the correlation between deep ocean temperatures and global mean surface temperatures is good for the Cenozoic, and thus the proxy data are reliable indicators for this time period, albeit with a standard error of 2 K. This uncertainty has not normally been assessed and needs to be combined with other sources of uncertainty when, for instance, estimating climate sensitivity based on using δ18O measurements from benthic foraminifera. The correlation between deep and global mean surface temperature becomes weaker for pre-Cenozoic time periods (when the paleogeography is significantly different from the present day). The reasons for the weaker correlation include variability in the source region of the deep water (varying hemispheres but also varying latitudes of sinking), the depth of ocean overturning (some extreme warm climates have relatively shallow and sluggish circulations weakening the link between the surface and deep ocean), and the extent of polar amplification (e.g. ice albedo feedbacks). Deep ocean sediments prior to the Cretaceous are rare, so extending the benthic foraminifera proxy further into deeper time is problematic, but the model results presented here would suggest that the deep ocean temperatures from such time periods would probably be an unreliable indicator of global mean surface conditions.

Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

“…Regional temperature was reconstructed based on global temperature raster data on a 1° × 1° spatial resolution. These rasters derive from the PALEOMAP Project, which has produced paleogeographic maps at 5-Myr intervals 121 and has assembled related temperature data based on the HadleyCM3 paleoclimate simulations 122 , which use estimates of the past concentration of atmospheric CO 2 123 . It is a well-known observation that global climate models tend to produce cooler temperatures at higher latitudes, especially for hot house time intervals.…”

A high-resolution climate simulation dataset for the past 540 million years

“…Especially, Valdes et al . 15 conducted 109 time-slice simulations that cover the entire Phanerozoic, using a coupled atmosphere–ocean–vegetation model.…”

Javanese Homo erectus on the move in SE Asia circa 1.8 Ma

“…Here, we reconstruct the past physiography using the LEM goSPL 32 that simulates the joint effects of erosion, sediment transport and deposition on the relief and drainage network with an adequate resolution ( 500 m) to address biogeographical purposes 7 . The modelled landscape is sculpted at the time of hominin migration by the interplay between geodynamics -which deforms the surface of the Sunda shelf 6 , 7 , 33 - and climate evolution 34 -which sets the amount of precipitation. The reconstructed landscape then defines the environmental conditions for the mechanistic model of ecological displacement SiMRiv 30 , in which the random trajectories of species are conditioned by landscape complexity, perceptual range, and partial memory of past displacement (semi-correlated Lévy-flight) 30 .…”