Deep-Learning-Based Detection of Cranio-Spinal Differences between Skeletal Classification Using Cephalometric Radiography

Abstract

The aim of this study was to reveal cranio-spinal differences between skeletal classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Transverse and longitudinal cephalometric images of 832 patients were used for training and testing of CNNs (365 males and 467 females). Labeling was performed such that the jawbone was sufficiently masked, while the parts other than the jawbone were minimally masked. DenseNet was used as the feature extractor. Five random sampling crossvalidations were performed for two datasets. The average and maximum accuracy of the five crossvalidations were 90.43% and 92.54% for test 1 (evaluation of the entire posterior–anterior (PA) and lateral cephalometric images) and 88.17% and 88.70% for test 2 (evaluation of the PA and lateral cephalometric images obscuring the mandible). In this study, we found that even when jawbones of class I (normal mandible), class II (retrognathism), and class III (prognathism) are masked, their identification is possible through deep learning applied only in the cranio-spinal area. This suggests that cranio-spinal differences between each class exist.

Study on Automatic Multi-Classification of Spine Based on Deep Learning and Postoperative Infection Screening

“…In this study, four different classifiers are used to evaluate the above feature sets: k-NN [ 5 ], extreme learning machine (ELM) [ 6 ], support vector machine (SVM) [ 7 ], and random forest algorithm (RF) [ 8 ].…”

“…Therefore, how to effectively relieve the pain response after spinal fusion has become the focus and difficulty of clinical nursing. Multimodal analgesia is a new analgesic model, which mainly gives play to the superposition or synergy of analgesia through the combined use of a variety of drugs or technologies with different analgesic mechanisms, so as to reduce the dosage of a single analgesic drug and reduce the adverse analgesic reactions [ 5 ]. Studies have shown that [ 2 ] when patients undergoing spinal fusion were given multimodal analgesia during the perioperative period, the VAS at different time points after operation was significantly lower than that of the previous use of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump alone ( P < 0.05).…”

“…As the transmission center of sensory input, the spinal nerve root will cause pain, muscle weakness, and even physical disability after being compressed, and IFS will lead to severe scoliosis and spondylolisthesis with the natural aging process of people. About 80% of the elderly are suffering from low back pain caused by IFS [ 5 ]. Clinical data show that the treatment plan varies with IFS grade.…”

Aplicación de la inteligencia artificial en Odontología

“…Análisis fotográfico y radiográfico para predicciones de piezas a extraer con machine learning models 40 . Evaluación de las diferencias cráneo espinales entre las clases esqueléticas con CNN (DenseNet121) 41 . Mejoras en el diagnóstico esquelético para ortodóncia a través del CNN with a modified Desenet 42 ; en el análisis cefalométrico automatizado 43 , identificación y análisis de puntos de referencia faciales y cefalométricos con utilización de algoritmos como YOLO 44 y Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks (BCNN) 45 y últimamente en la monitorización del tratamiento ortodóncico 46 .…”

Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Paresthesia after Third Molar Extraction: A Preliminary Study

“…In the field of dentistry, research has been conducted about the detection and classification of anatomical variables [ 9 , 10 ], periapical lesions [ 11 , 12 ], dental caries [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], periodontitis [ 16 ], and benign tumors and cysts [ 17 ]. Deep learning analysis has also been applied to cephalometric images, such as detection of landmarks [ 18 ], prediction of the necessity for orthognathic surgery [ 19 ], and detection of cranio-spinal differences [ 20 ]. In relation to extraction of the mandibular third molar, attempts have been made to segment the teeth and the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) [ 21 , 22 ], and, recently, a study to determine the difficulty of extraction was also conducted [ 23 ].…”