“…For example, multiple automatic scoring techniques have been implemented in which the degree of IVD degeneration, including the degree of disc herniation is detected using convolutional neural networks (CNN) and semantic segmentation networks. 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 These techniques can implement algorithms to isolate the tissue of interest 19 , 21 , 23 , 24 and then identify whether the tissue of interest is damaged, bulging, or degenerated. 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Similarly, CNNs have been implemented to understand and interpret the severity of spinal stenosis 24 and modic changes in the spine.…”