Deep Learning-Based Classification of Abrasion and Ischemic Diabetic Foot Sores Using Camera-Captured Images

Abstract

Diabetic foot sores (DFS) are serious diabetic complications. The patient’s weakened neurological system damages the tissues of the foot’s skin, which results in amputation. This study aims to validate and deploy a deep learning-based system for the automatic classification of abrasion foot sores (AFS) and ischemic diabetic foot sores (DFS). We proposed a novel model combining convolutional neural network (CNN) capabilities with Vgg-19. The proposed method utilized two benchmark datasets to classify AFS and DFS from the patient’s foot. A data augmentation technique was used to enhance the accuracy of the training. Moreover, image segmentation was performed using UNet++. We tested and evaluated the proposed model’s classification performance against two well-known pre-trained classifiers, Inceptionv3 and MobileNet. The proposed model classified AFS and ischemia DFS images with an accuracy of 99.05%, precision of 98.99%, recall of 99.01%, MCC of 0.9801, and f1 score of 99.04%. Furthermore, the results of statistical evaluations using ANOVA and Friedman tests revealed that the proposed model exhibited a remarkable performance. The proposed model achieved an excellent performance that assist medical professionals in identifying foot ulcers.